Chitosan microparticles based polyelectrolyte complex scaffolds for bone tissue engineering in vitro and effect of calcium phosphate

Abstract

Chitosan microparticles were mixed with chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose solution to achieve a good binding between the microparticles. Three different compositions of scaffolds were made by varying the calcium phosphate (CaP) amount: 0%, 10%, and 20%. Potassium chloride was used as salt, to make pores inside the scaffolds after leaching out when immersed in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Compressive strength and compressive modulus of both non-porous (before leaching out), and porous (after leaching out) scaffolds were measured according to the ASTM standards. The highest compressive strength of 27 MPa was reported on 10% CaP scaffolds while 20% CaP scaffolds showed the lowest. The increasing CaP content reduces the compressive strength of the scaffolds. The highest wet state compressive strength was reported on 0% CaP scaffolds with 0.36 MPs and 0.40 MPa at day 1 and day 3 respectively. In vitro cell culture studies showed good cell adhesion and cell proliferation on 10% CaP scaffolds.

Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Fortified Xanthan Gum–Chitosan Based Polyelectrolyte Complex Scaffolds for Supporting the Osteo-Friendly Environment

“…Moreover, because the bone contains 10−20% of water according to its dry weight and actual environment of the bone is not dry being in contact with blood and body fluids, an evaluation of mechanical properties of bone in the wet state is essential. 49 The wet-state analysis of NC scaffolds was done by immersing the scaffold in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 24 h prior to evaluation. As shown in the Figure 4b, both compressive strength and compressive modulus of all the NC scaffolds are significantly reduced in the hydrated state.…”

“…, polymers) by intermolecular physical cross-linking. Studies have shown that PEC-based NCs have not only nontoxic formulation but also additional advantages of bioresorbability, better structure integrity under the wet condition, and improved biological and mechanical functions. − Owing to these aspects, this strategy has gained momentum as a presumably safer way to produce NCs with natural polymers. Therefore, in the present study, we have worked with the PE matrix comprising of xanthan gum (XAN) and chitosan (CHI), among the existing naturalistic polymers.…”

Influence of Charge and Heat on the Mechanical Properties of Scaffolds from Ionic Complexation of Chitosan and Carboxymethyl Cellulose

“…Scaffolds based on CMC and CS have been prepared via polyelectrolyte charge complexation (PEC) followed by freeze-drying and reported for tissue engineering applications. , Even though they can easily be fabricated via PEC, most products lack dimensional stability or load-bearing capacity in biological environments under physiological conditions (37 °C, pH 7.4). Thus, the properties of scaffolds have been improved by chemical cross-linking, but this procedure often requires chemical modification or prior chemical treatment with reactive functional groups. − This can be associated with cytotoxicity and require extensive purification.…”

Emerging 3D printing technologies and methodologies for microfluidic development

“…Chitosan is a deacetylated form of chitin derived from shells of crustaceans. 103,104 Even though chitosan only dissolved in an acid buffer, which is not suitable for living cells, chitosan can be mixed with appropriate base medium or hydrogels to neutralize the pH and trigger the ionic gelation process, making it appropriate for bio-scaffolds. 105 For example, Seda et al printed a cell-laden chitosan-based scaffold using a glycerol phosphate disodium salt as the ionic crosslinker.…”