Chitosan hydrochloride has no detrimental effect on bladder urothelial cancer cells

The Cells and Extracellular Matrix of Human Amniotic Membrane Hinder the Growth and Invasive Potential of Bladder Urothelial Cancer Cells

“…In the experiments, the T24 cell line that originated from human invasive urothelial neoplasm (ATCC, United States) was used as a model of muscle-invasive bladder cancer cells (passages 5–30). The T24 cells were seeded at seeding density of 5 × 10 4 cells/cm 2 and cultured at 37°C and 5% CO 2 in culture medium A-DMEM+F12 as described previously ( Resnik et al, 2015 , 2019 ; Višnjar et al, 2017 ). The culture medium consisted of 1:1 mixture of A-DMEM medium (Gibco, United States) and F12 (Sigma-Aldrich, United States), supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Invitrogen), 4 mM Glutamax (Gibco, United States), 100 μg/ml streptomycin, and 100 U/ml penicillin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, United States).…”

The Antibacterial Activity of Human Amniotic Membrane against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Associated with Urinary Tract Infections: New Insights from Normal and Cancerous Urothelial Models

“…The biomimetic in vitro model of normal urothelium was established using the normal porcine urothelial cells (NPU), as described previously [ 88 , 89 , 90 ]. Briefly, primary and secondary cultures of NPU cells were established from three porcine normal urinary bladders (biological replicates), which were obtained from a local abattoir, as described previously.…”

“…The biomimetic in vitro model of cancerous urothelium was established using cancer urothelial T24 cells, originating from the human invasive urothelial neoplasm (ATCC, USA), as described previously [ 90 , 91 ]. Briefly, T24 cells were seeded on synthetic scaffolds (porous membrane with a pore diameter of 0.4 μm; BD Falcon, Corning, New York, NY, USA) at a seeding density of 5 × 10 4 cells/cm 2 .…”

The Use of Polymer Chitosan in Intravesical Treatment of Urinary Bladder Cancer and Infections

“…The most efficient way to temporarily compromise the blood-urine barrier appears to be the controlled removal of umbrella cells with chitosan. In our recent in vitro study, it became evident that chitosan selectively removes highly differentiated urothelial cells and is much less toxic to less differentiated urothelial cells [24]. The higher toxicity of chitosan to umbrella cells versus urothelial cancer cells and less differentiated urothelial cells of lower urothelial layers can be explained by existence of very specific scalloped apical plasma membrane only in umbrella cells but not in less differentiated normal or cancer urothelial cells (Figure 3).…”

“…Chitosan has been widely used in biotechnology and reconstructive medicine [23]. Surprisingly, in the urothelium, chitosan (chitosan hydrochloride, 86% degree of deacetylation, 30–400 kDa) causes a very rapid drop in transepithelial resistance, indicating for the effect on tight junctions that was proven in both ex vivo [16] and in vitro experiments [24]. However, the mechanisms responsible for chitosan activity are largely unknown, even though they are essential for the proper use of this biopolymer.…”