Chitosan-cellulose particles as delivery vehicles for limonene fragrance

Abstract

This study proposes the use of chitosan-cellulose particles to encapsulate limonene, a fragrant component widely used in the flavor and fragrance industries. As cellulose possesses a stiff molecular structure due to the threedimensional arrangement of hydrogen bonded hydroxyls, its dissolution is difficult to achieve. To surpass this constraint, and solubilize cellulose, LiOH/urea/water systems were tested using different freezing temperatures and number of freezing/thawing/stirring cycles. Then, chitosan-cellulose composite particles were produced and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to assess morphology and size, and by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) to access chitosan-cellulose molecular interactions. The release behaviour of limonene from the chitosan-cellulose particles was studied by gas chromatography (GC). The obtained particles presented an average diameter ranging from 1 to 2 mm and spherical shape, characteristics very similar to the corresponding empty cellulose-chitosan composite particles. A good affinity was found between the two biopolymers, cellulose and chitosan. The achieved encapsulation efficiency of limonene was 51.29%, and the produced particles demonstrated a burst release of limonene in the first 24 h, followed by a decrease over 162 h. Based on the achieved results this system seems favourable for applications requiring preservation of sensory qualities and prolonged release of fragrances.

Encapsulation of fragrances in zein nanoparticles and use as fabric softener for textile application

“…FTIR analysis was performed to reveal the chemical structures and group interaction of PF‐ZNs and WF‐ZNs. The spectrum of PF, WF and zein (Figure 3A‐C) exhibited the influential absorption bands of the O‐H stretching vibration at 3390, 3445 and 3327 cm −1 , respectively 4 . The absorption band in zein at 1540 and 1659 cm −1 represented amide I and amide II groups.…”

“…Fragrances are widely used as indispensable ingredients in fabric softener and they can be classified into three groups based on their stability 2,3 as (I) top notes, which are volatile components that fade quickly after first use and last for a short time of around 30 seconds to some minutes, (II) middle notes, the main character of a fragrance that are commonly used in laundry products and can be detected after the disappearance of top notes, and (III) base notes which remain over more extended periods. However, the main problems with using fragrance ingredients are their low aqueous solubility and instability to air, light, high moisture content and high temperature 4,5 . Product innovation is required to add value to the textile‐related products in the market, including the long‐lasting fabric softener or sustained‐release fragrance fabric 5 …”

Optimization and characterization of lemon essential oil entrapped from chitosan/cellulose nanocrystals microcapsules

“…There are also a study using chitosan and cellulose to encapsulate limonene to obtain microspheres of 1 to 2 mm, achieving an encapsulation efficiency of 51.29%, and effectively extending the time of flavor release. FTIR and TGA analysis results also show that cellulose and chitosan have good compatibility 15 …”

Perfume and Flavor Engineering: A Chemical Engineering Perspective

“…Fragranced products include microcapsules of polyurethane-urea with perfume as a core material for textile applications such as perfumed suits [ 63 ] or eco-friendly microcapsules based on chitosan and Arabic gum [ 64 ], a research area at LSRE. Microencapsulation of fragrances is also a way of increasing the life of fragranced products [ 65 ].…”