“…Finally, Alizadeh et al [ 33 ] coated chitosan (CS), a drug-carrier crustacean-derived polysaccharide [ 34 ], on silica (SiO2@CS) nanoparticles (NPs) and attached them to epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which a natural product from green tea that is reported [ 35 ] to modulate cancer immunity. The amine groups of chitosan in SiO2@CS-EGCG NPs ( 100 nm) were used to attach the AS1411 aptamer electrostatically.…”
Aptamers are typically defined as relatively short (20–60 nucleotides) single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that bind with high affinity and specificity to various types of targets. Aptamers are frequently referred to as “synthetic antibodies” but are easier to obtain, less expensive to produce, and in several ways more versatile than antibodies. The beginnings of aptamers date back to 1990, and since then there has been a continual increase in aptamer publications. The intent of the present account was to focus on recent original research publications, i.e., those appearing in 2019 through April 2020, when this account was written. A Google Scholar search of this recent literature was performed for relevance-ranking of articles. New methods for selection of aptamers were not included. Nine categories of applications were organized and representative examples of each are given. Finally, an outlook is offered focusing on “faster, better, cheaper” application performance factors as key drivers for future innovations in aptamer applications.
“…Finally, Alizadeh et al [ 33 ] coated chitosan (CS), a drug-carrier crustacean-derived polysaccharide [ 34 ], on silica (SiO2@CS) nanoparticles (NPs) and attached them to epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which a natural product from green tea that is reported [ 35 ] to modulate cancer immunity. The amine groups of chitosan in SiO2@CS-EGCG NPs ( 100 nm) were used to attach the AS1411 aptamer electrostatically.…”
Aptamers are typically defined as relatively short (20–60 nucleotides) single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that bind with high affinity and specificity to various types of targets. Aptamers are frequently referred to as “synthetic antibodies” but are easier to obtain, less expensive to produce, and in several ways more versatile than antibodies. The beginnings of aptamers date back to 1990, and since then there has been a continual increase in aptamer publications. The intent of the present account was to focus on recent original research publications, i.e., those appearing in 2019 through April 2020, when this account was written. A Google Scholar search of this recent literature was performed for relevance-ranking of articles. New methods for selection of aptamers were not included. Nine categories of applications were organized and representative examples of each are given. Finally, an outlook is offered focusing on “faster, better, cheaper” application performance factors as key drivers for future innovations in aptamer applications.
“…Chitosan is one of the compounds that meets these criteria and has been approved as an adjunct in the formulation of human and veterinary vaccines [ 34 , 110 ]. By administering vaccines using chitosan-based systems, antigen degradation is prevented, cell absorption (cellular uptake) is increased, and a superior immune response is obtained [ 111 ]. The immunological activity of chitosan and the effect of the chitosan-based vaccine are influenced by the molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation [ 34 , 111 ].…”
Section: Chitosan In the Development Of Intranasal Vaccinesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…By administering vaccines using chitosan-based systems, antigen degradation is prevented, cell absorption (cellular uptake) is increased, and a superior immune response is obtained [ 111 ]. The immunological activity of chitosan and the effect of the chitosan-based vaccine are influenced by the molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation [ 34 , 111 ]. Chitosan with a higher molecular weight forms more bonds with the antigen, thus obtaining a more stable system and a more efficient immunization.…”
Section: Chitosan In the Development Of Intranasal Vaccinesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Chitosan with a higher molecular weight forms more bonds with the antigen, thus obtaining a more stable system and a more efficient immunization. Additionally, a higher degree of deacetylation influences the immune response favorably [ 111 ]. Through electrostatic interaction, a close connection can be formed between the protonated chitosan and the antigen, thus increasing the immune response.…”
Section: Chitosan In the Development Of Intranasal Vaccinesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Chitosan derivatives take over the properties of chitosan, but also display some improvements, such as solubility, or in the case of N -trimethyl chitosan, a superior immunostimulatory effect [ 111 ]. Studies have been accomplished using N -trimethyl chitosan as a delivery system for nasal influenza vaccine subunits [ 81 ].…”
Section: Chitosan In the Development Of Intranasal Vaccinesmentioning
In an attempt to develop drug delivery systems that bypass the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and prevent liver and intestinal degradation, it was concluded that nasal medication meets these criteria and can be used for drugs that have these drawbacks. The aim of this review is to present the influence of the properties of chitosan and its derivatives (mucoadhesion, permeability enhancement, surface tension, and zeta potential) on the development of suitable nasal drug delivery systems and on the nasal bioavailability of various active pharmaceutical ingredients. Interactions between chitosan and proteins, lipids, antigens, and other molecules lead to complexes that have their own applications or to changing characteristics of the substances involved in the bond (conformational changes, increased stability or solubility, etc.). Chitosan and its derivatives have their own actions (antibacterial, antifungal, immunostimulant, antioxidant, etc.) and can be used as such or in combination with other molecules from the same class to achieve a synergistic effect. The applicability of the properties is set out in the second part of the paper, where nasal formulations based on chitosan are described (vaccines, hydrogels, nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), powders, emulsions, etc.).
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