Chitin/chitosan derivatives and their interactions with microorganisms: a comprehensive review and future perspectives

Rajoka, Muhammad Shahid Riaz; Mehwish, Hafiza Mahreen; Wu, Yu-Fei; Zhao, Lingyun; Arfat, Yasir Ali; Majeed, Kashif; Anwaar, Shoaib

doi:10.1080/07388551.2020.1713719

Cited by 107 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“…Lysozyme is also known to catalyze the deacetylation of 2-acetyl groups and the separation of glycosidic bonds between GlcNAc units from chitin, thus producing chitosan, a partially deacetylated byproduct of chitin degradation. The most beneficial advantage of chitosan is that it can be chemically modified into a wide variety of derivatives, that enhances some characteristics such as water-solubility [41]. Chitosan is a very useful and attractive biopolymer due to its diverse chemical structure.…”

Section: Chitin Content In Foods and Chitin Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An in vitro trial simulating the human tract, investigating the administration of Tenebrio molitor flour, found an increase in Bacteroidaceae and Prevotellaceae, but not of harmful bacteria such as Clostridium histolyticum, Desulfovibrionales and Desulfuromonales. Bacteroides assists the host in degrading polysaccharides and contains genes codifying glucosidase enzymes [41], whereas Prevotella has the potential to participate in the metabolism and utilization of plant polysaccharides. Contrariwise, the relative abundance of Desulfovibrionales and Desulfuromonales is related to harmful effects and may contribute to the development of colorectal cancer [70], and C. histolyticum is potentially pathogenic in several species, including humans [65].…”

Section: Effect Of Chitin and Its Derivatives On Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chitosan is a very useful and attractive biopolymer due to its diverse chemical structure. Its structural diversification can be seen by its molecular weight, which ranges from low (≤100 kDa) to high (≥300 kDa), as well as by its degree of deacetylation, which ranges from less than 60% in chitin to more than 60% in chitosan [ 41 ]. Hydrolyzed products of chitosan— N -acetyl-D-glucosamine oligomers (chitin oligosaccharide; NACOS) and D-glucosamine oligomers (chitosan oligosaccharide; COS), major degradation products of chitosan/chitin via chemical hydrolysis or enzymatic degradation involving deacetylation and depolymerization processes [ 3 ] with molecular weight ≤ 16 kDa [ 42 , 43 ]—are readily soluble in water because of their shorter chain lengths, and this solubility makes them especially useful for food industry purposes.…”

Section: Chitin Content In Foods and Chitin Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Animal-Origin Prebiotics Based on Chitin: An Alternative for the Future? A Critical Review

López-Santamarina

Mondragón

Lamas

et al. 2020

Foods

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The human gut microbiota has been revealed in recent years as a factor that plays a decisive role in the maintenance of human health, as well as in the development of many non-communicable diseases. This microbiota can be modulated by various dietary factors, among which complex carbohydrates have a great influence. Although most complex carbohydrates included in the human diet come from vegetables, there are also options to include complex carbohydrates from non-vegetable sources, such as chitin and its derivatives. Chitin, and its derivatives such as chitosan can be obtained from non-vegetable sources, the best being insects, crustacean exoskeletons and fungi. The present review offers a broad perspective of the current knowledge surrounding the impacts of chitin and its derived polysaccharides on the human gut microbiota and the profound need for more in-depth investigations into this topic. Overall, the effects of whole insects or meal on the gut microbiota have contradictory results, possibly due to their high protein content. Better results are obtained for the case of chitin derivatives, regarding both metabolic effects and effects on the gut microbiota composition.

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Section: Chitin Content In Foods and Chitin Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effect Of Chitin and Its Derivatives On Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chitin Content In Foods and Chitin Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Animal-Origin Prebiotics Based on Chitin: An Alternative for the Future? A Critical Review

López-Santamarina

Mondragón

Lamas

et al. 2020

Foods

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“…These include probiotics usage [124], bacteriophages [79], non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [125], botanical essential oils [126], Sheng Hua Tang [127], and chitosan microparticles (CMs) [116,128,129]. For example, it has been demonstrated that the intrauterine administration of CMs can be a viable alternative to traditional antibiotics for the prevention of metritis [128] as well as their effectiveness against the treatment of bacterial infections in animals [130]. Recently, nano-antibiotics (nAbts) has also been of great interest to overcome the drug resistance developed by several pathogenic microorganisms against the most commonly used antibiotics [131].…”

Section: Antibioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microflora in the Reproductive Tract of Cattle: A Review

Appiah

Wang

2020

Agriculture

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There are microbial communities in and on the bodies of all multicellular organisms, and this microbiota can have a significant impact on the biology of the host. Most studies have focused on the microbiome of the skin, mouth, and gut, whereas relatively little is known about the reproductive microbiome. From the perspective of the bovine reproductive tract, uterine diseases such as metritis and endometritis are traditionally viewed to result only from interactions occurring between the host animal and pathogens originating from either the environment or ascension from the vagina. This outdated opinion has been refuted by recent advanced studies that propose that, in addition to bacteria colonization through the extrinsic and ascending pathways to the vagina, bacteria can also move from the gut to the uterus, which is also associated with reproductive tract disorders. This has led to the concept of the “endogenous route hypothesis”, which has vital inferences for comprehending the etiology of metritis and endometritis. Furthermore, it has opened up the possibility of developing new prophylactic and therapeutic agents as alternatives to antimicrobial agents. In addition, the unveiling of next-generation sequencing technology makes it more convenient to perform detailed sequencing and analysis of data on the cervical, vaginal, and uterine flora and to further study uncultured bacteria in these niches—most importantly, the cervical niche, which previously was thought to have lower bacterial complexity. Research conducted to date has proven that the composition of microflora in a community varies widely between environmental sites, host niches, and health status. Furthermore, it has also been suggested that the occurrence of endometritis in the dairy and beef cattle reproductive tract is neither casual nor indirect but multifactorial. Whether disturbance in the variety of the microflora in the reproductive tract (dysbiosis) has a role in determining the sensitivity to metritis and endometritis is not yet known. This article outlines the current progress in understanding the microflora with regards to the bovine reproductive tract. The compositions of microflora in various niches of the reproductive tract are briefly elucidated. In addition, the functional role of these microflora communities in the reproductive tract is discussed, with particular emphasis on the association of bacterial flora with reproductive disorders and failures. Finally, prophylaxis and therapeutic approaches based on the new comprehension of the effects of antimicrobials, probiotics, and bacteriophages on the composition of the reproductive tract microflora are also considered.

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“…Chitosan is a natural and biodegradable biopolymer that has been used in different industrial applications as flocculating and chelating agent, permeability control agent or antimicrobial substance, among others [1][2][3]. Today, chitosan is mainly produced on an industrial scale from deacetylation of chitin, chis is present in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects and in the cell walls of most fungi and some algae [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial effect of insect chitosan on Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes survival

et al. 2020

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The antimicrobial capability of chitosan from Tenebrio molitor as compared with chitosan from crustacean (Penaeus monodon) on different pathogenic microorganisms of concern in food safety was studied. The antimicrobial effect was tested at pH 5 and pH 6.2 and at two different initial concentrations (103 or 106 CFU/mL). Results indicated that chitosan from both sources have antimicrobial activity, although the effect depended on the microorganism considered (Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7). Our results indicated that Salmonella was the most resistant bacteria, and that chitosan from insect was less active than chitosan from crustacean, especially against Salmonella. Another important factor on antimicrobial activity was the pH of the sample. When chitosan was added to a solution with a pH of 6.2 it was more active against Listeria and Escherichia coli, than at pH 5.00. Besides, the effect of chitosan appears to decrease with the incubation time, since some increases in counts were observed on E. coli and Salmonella after the 24 and 49 hours of incubation.

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Chitin/chitosan derivatives and their interactions with microorganisms: a comprehensive review and future perspectives

Cited by 107 publications

References 140 publications

Animal-Origin Prebiotics Based on Chitin: An Alternative for the Future? A Critical Review

Animal-Origin Prebiotics Based on Chitin: An Alternative for the Future? A Critical Review

Microflora in the Reproductive Tract of Cattle: A Review

Antimicrobial effect of insect chitosan on Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes survival

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