“…Within the realm of audiovisual semantic integration, the N400 wave amplitude assumes significance as a marker of the ease of semantic cognitive processing (Holcomb, 1993), with its amplitude reflecting the level of cognitive difficulty (e.g., semantic priming and inhibition; Koyama et al, 1992;Kutas & Hillyard, 1984). The N400 effect extends beyond a single modality scenarios, with dual-modality semantically incongruent stimuli yielding larger N400 amplitudes compared to their congruent counterparts (Liu et al, 2009(Liu et al, , 2010(Liu et al, , 2011Kutas & Hillyard, 1980;Liu & Zhang, 2023).…”