Chimeric Antigen Receptor–Modified T Cells in Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia; Chimeric Antigen Receptor–Modified T Cells for Acute Lymphoid Leukemia; Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells for Sustained Remissions in Leukemia

Abstract

race. The first cases of hyponatremia appeared in the cluster of participants who finished in the 9th hour of the race; cases of critical hyponatremia occurred in the clusters of participants who finished in the 12th and 14th hours of the race.A previous study involving marathon runners showed that 12 to 13% of participants had hyponatremia and that the incidence of critical hyponatremia was 0.5 to 1%. 1 In contrast, the observed incidence of hyponatremia in longdistance triathlons was 10.6%. The incidence of critical hyponatremia was 0.3% (approximately half the incidence seen among marathoners). Our data show that exercise-associated hyponatremia occurs in a considerable percentage of long-distance triathletes. Female triathletes with a racing time of 9 hours or more appear to be the most susceptible to hyponatremia. Supported by Radiometer, which provided a blood-gas analyzer during the competition.Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1510409Correspondence Copyright © 2016 Massachusetts Medical Society. corrections Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation and the Risk of Stroke (January 12, 2012;366:120-9). In the Stroke or Systemic Embolism subsection of Results (page 123), the first two sentences of the second paragraph included inaccurate hazard ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and P values. In the first sentence, the parenthetical should have read, "(hazard ratio, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.01 to 3.10; P = 0.047)," rather than "(hazard ratio, 1.76; 95% CI, 0.99 to 3.11; P = 0.05)." In the second sentence, the parentheticals should have read, "(hazard ratio, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.55 to 5.77; P = 0.001)," rather than "(hazard ratio, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.13 to 3.55; P = 0.02)," and "(hazard ratio, 4.96; 95% CI, 2.39 to 10.3; P<0.001)," rather than "(hazard ratio, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.11 to 3.51; P = 0.02)." The article is correct at NEJM.org.

T Cell-Mediated Immunotherapy Boosts Clinical Efficacy in the Treatment

“…Recently adoptive immunotherapy has made significant advances, as a variety of treatment modalities have been explored thus far, including new T-cell products that are genetically engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeting CD19. CD19 CAR T cells have proven to be a great success and have broad application for treatment of relapse and refractory lymphomas or other B cell malignancies [31,32]. CIK therapy represents a mature, promising, and potent cytotoxic, but a less profound tool in the treatment of certain cancers.…”

Emerging Trends in Immunotherapy for Cancer

“…Israeli immunologists Zelig Eshhar and Gideon Gross constructed the first engineered T-cell with a chimeric molecule between 1989 and 1993 [ 179 , 180 ]. Subsequently, in 2011, Carl June and David Porter performed the first clinical use of CAR-T cells on patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia [ 181 , 182 ]. CARs consist of an extracellular ligand-binding domain, typically a single chain variable fragment (scFv), a spacer domain, a transmembrane/hinge domain, and cytoplasmic domains ( Figure 3 C).…”

CRISPR/Cas System: A Potential Technology for the Prevention and Control of COVID-19 and Emerging Infectious Diseases

“…For another thing, some researchers have used Cas9 to engineer T cells with the ability to treat specific diseases and thus indirectly eliminate viral infections (Zhao et al, 2018;Stadtmauer et al, 2020). For example, Cas9 was developed to improve CAR-T (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Immunotherapy) therapy to treat incurable cancers such as B-cell leukemias and lymphomas (Brentjens et al, 2011;Porter et al, 2016;Eyquem et al, 2017;Labanieh et al, 2018). Moreover, many in vivo trial studies show Cas9 gene editing modifies CD4+ T cells to be effective in treating HIV infection, which may provide a new approach to refractory infectious diseases (Ebina et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2017;Hultquist et al, 2019;Xiao et al, 2019).…”