Children’s thinking about their own and others’ regret and relief

Weisberg, Daniel; Beck, Sarah R.

doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.02.005

Cited by 79 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In contrast, the tendency in both children and adults to think counterfactually when outcomes are negative has a clear preparative function (Beck and Crilly, 2009;Roese, 1997;Weisberg and Beck, 2010;White and Lehman, 2005) that is likely to be perceived by children with HFASD because of the obvious benefits of avoiding future negative situations. Our findings largely support this interpretation; the features of the downward stories were acknowledged more frequently by typically developing children than children with HFASD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Understanding of emotions based on counterfactual reasoning in children with autism spectrum disorders

Begeer

Rosnay

Lunenburg³

et al. 2012

Autism

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The understanding of emotions based on counterfactual reasoning was studied in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (n = 71) and in typically developing children (n = 71), aged 6–12 years. Children were presented with eight stories about two protagonists who experienced the same positive or negative outcome, either due to their own action or by default. Relative to the comparison group, children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder were poor at explaining emotions based on downward counterfactual reasoning (i.e. contentment and relief). There were no group differences in upward counterfactual reasoning (i.e. disappointment and regret). In the comparison group, second-order false-belief reasoning was related to children’s understanding of second-order counterfactual emotions (i.e. regret and relief), while children in the high-functioning autism spectrum disorder group relied more on their general intellectual skills. Results are discussed in terms of the different functions of counterfactual reasoning about emotion and the cognitive style of children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Understanding of emotions based on counterfactual reasoning in children with autism spectrum disorders

Begeer

Rosnay

Lunenburg³

et al. 2012

Autism

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Children were also familiarised with the 3-point smiley 219 faces scale. Each face was explained to them (with a description of how each of the faces 220 would reflect how much they liked a food) and their ability to correctly identify the expression 221 of each face's was verified in a procedure similar to Weisberg & Beck (2010). Here, each 222 child was asked to correctly identify which face represented "yucky", "yummy" or "just ok".…”

Section: Target Vegetables 174mentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Why don’t you try it again?’ A comparison of parent led, home based interventions aimed at increasing children's consumption of a disliked vegetable

2015

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“…These results suggest that many 5-year-olds have the capacity to reflect on how their memory will be useful in the future and use this information to guide their behaviour in the present. As described earlier, this developmental trajectory is consistent with findings suggesting that children also begin to demonstrate a capacity for doubly embedded cognition around age five in other domains Weisberg & Beck, 2010. Nevertheless, it must be noted that 5-yearolds did not perform anywhere close to ceiling levels on my tasks requiring this capacity, and so future research may wish to examine the performances of children as they continue to move through the early schooling years.…”

Section: Five-year-oldssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Interestingly, doubly embedded mental time travel in the opposite direction might be important in the experience of regret, in which one reflects on a past decision that could have resulted in a more appealing relative future (present). Again consistent with Chapter 4's results, the earliest evidence for regret may appear in 5-year-olds (Weisberg & Beck, 2010. Future research may want to check for correlations between future-directed information seeking and these other versions of doubly Singly embedded mental time travel Doubly embedded mental time travel embedded mental time travel, as well as other types of doubly embedded cognition more generally (e.g., second-order belief reasoning, which may also emerge around five years; .…”

Section: Chapter 4: Future-oriented Information Seekingsupporting

confidence: 85%

The nature, ontogeny, and phylogeny of episodic foresight

Redshaw¹

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Much attention has recently been given to the psychological capacity for 'episodic foresight', which involves imagining, preparing for, and actively shaping specific future events.Because of the relative youth of the field, however, many questions about the nature, ontogeny, and phylogeny of this capacity remain unanswered. Here I present a number of theoretical perspectives and empirical investigations that attempt to answer some of these questions.In Chapter 2, I provide the first review of evidence for the development of numerous cognitive components that have been implicated in episodic foresight, and the future-oriented behaviours these components enable. I find that the components develop along varying trajectories throughout childhood and beyond, but between ages three and five critical milestones are achieved in each of them. And indeed, around this time children also begin to show evidence of flexible future-oriented behaviour in diverse contexts. I then present four chapters describing empirical studies of novel future-oriented behaviours in children around these ages.In Chapter 3's study, I measured children's capacity to recall a problem from the past and select an object that could solve that problem in a deferred future episode. Previous studies assessing children's future-oriented object selection had involved future episodes that were merely hypothetical or occurred immediately after the selection. I found that 4-year-olds could remember a problem from 15 minutes ago in another room, and select an object that would solve the problem upon return to the room after a 5-minute sand-timer had completed a cycle. When compared with previous findings, this result suggests that acting for a deferred future episode may place no extra demands on children's episodic foresight than acting for an immediate future episode.In Chapter 4's studies, I measured children's capacity to seek information that would only be useful in a specific future episode. This behaviour forms a crucial aspect of human learning (e.g., during schooling), but studies had so far focused only on children's information seeking to achieve an immediate goal. In Study 1 (two experiments), I again used the two-room paradigm to show that many 5-year-olds could recall a problem from the past and seek information to solve that problem in the future. Four-year-olds did not perform above chance level when low-level associative explanations were controlled for, but it remained unclear what caused their poor performance. In Study 2, I relaxed memory demands and gave children the opportunity to seek information in the same context as the future problem. Again, 5-year-olds but not 4-year-olds performed above chance level, although even the older children did not perform at ceiling level.In Chapter 5's study, I measured children's capacity to remember to carry out an intended action at a particular future time, in both the presence and absence of cues to perform the action.Previous studies of time-based prospective memory had included event-bas...

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Children’s thinking about their own and others’ regret and relief

Cited by 79 publications

References 15 publications

Understanding of emotions based on counterfactual reasoning in children with autism spectrum disorders

Understanding of emotions based on counterfactual reasoning in children with autism spectrum disorders

‘Why don’t you try it again?’ A comparison of parent led, home based interventions aimed at increasing children's consumption of a disliked vegetable

The nature, ontogeny, and phylogeny of episodic foresight

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