“…However, it was studied even earlier in the adult treatment literature (Bellak & Smith, 1956;Kirtner & Carwright, 1958;Strupp, Chassan, & Ewing, 1966). Client participation includes constructs that have been labeled as client effort, collaboration, client involvement in therapy, cooperation, treatment engagement, on-task behavior, and homework completion (Adelman et al, 1984;Braswell et al, 1985;Clarke et al, 1992;Gorin, 1993;Green, 1996;Johnson, 2000;Sarlin, 1992;Tolan, Hanish, McKay, & Dickey, 2002). These studies have explored client participation with a wide variety of clients across numerous treatment settings such as school-based clinics, outpatient mental health clinics, and home-based treatment.…”