Childhood neglect and increased withdrawal and depressive severity in crack cocaine users during early abstinence

Crack cocaine addiction, early life stress and accelerated cellular aging among women

“…Moreover, high rates of early life trauma have been described among women with crack cocaine dependence and they are often more susceptible to the complications of crack cocaine compared to their male counterparts . Furthermore, women with crack cocaine addiction with a severe ELS history present distinct behavioral (Francke, Viola, Tractenberg, & Grassi-Oliveira, 2013), immune (Levandowski et al, 2013;Levandowski et al, 2014) and neurotrophic (Viola et al, 2014) phenotypes when compared to those without such early life exposure.…”

Corticosteroid receptor genes and childhood neglect influence susceptibility to crack/cocaine addiction and response to detoxification treatment

“…In this study, patients who scored 1 and 2 were grouped as 'PNÀ' and patients who scored 2 and 4 were grouped as 'PNþ'. Although CTQ measures other kinds of childhood maltreatment, our main goal was to look specifically to physical neglect since we have previously found that crack addict patients with a background of physical neglect exhibited higher levels of withdrawal symptoms during detoxification treatment in comparison with patients without physical neglect and worse cognitive outcomes (Francke et al, 2013;Tractenberg et al, 2014;Viola et al, 2013).…”

Childhood Trauma and Resilience: Vulnerabilities to Develop Crack/Cocaine Dependence

“…It consists of 25 Likert-type questions that score 3 factors for resilience: 1) ability to solve situations and personal values that give meaning to life; 2) independence and determination; 3) self-confidence and adaptation. It has been translated into the Portuguese language and validated for the Brazilian population [32].…”