Childhood diabetes in India

Kalra, Sanjay; Dhingra, Mudita

doi:10.6065/apem.2018.23.3.126

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In 2017, Chia et al ( 14 ) reviewed animal-based and in vitro evidence, concluding that A1 β-CN and BCM-7 were the dominant triggers of type 1 diabetes in individuals with genetic risk factors ( 14 ). This was in accordance to the observation of Kalra and Dhingra ( 15 ), who reported the hypothesis that exposure to A1/A1 β-CN milk of exotic breeds, such as those from India, might be linked with the rising incidence of type 1 diabetes. On the same topic, Kohil et al ( 25 ) concluded that specific dietary patterns can exert a direct impact on pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes through epigenetic modifications and that BCM-7 could act as an epigenetic modulator, differentially methylating genes involved in type 1 diabetes development.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 92%

A2 Milk and BCM-7 Peptide as Emerging Parameters of Milk Quality

et al. 2022

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Beta-casein makes up about 30% of the total protein contained in milk and can be present in cows' milk in two distinct forms (A1 or A2) or as a combination of the two. The only difference between these two variants of β-casein (β-CN) is a single amino acid substitution. This results in a different behavior of the protein upon enzymatic cleavage, following human consumption or due to microbial action. In most of the commercially available milk containing A1 or A1/A2 β-CN variants, the β-casomorphin-7 peptide (BCM-7) is released upon digestion and during cheese manufacturing/ripening, while this does not happen with A2 milk. BCM-7 is a known μ-opioid receptor agonist that may influence the gastro-intestinal physiology directly and may also exert effects elsewhere in the body, such as on the cardiovascular, neurological and endocrine systems. The present article is aimed at a revision of prior review papers on the topic, with a focus on the impact of ingestion of A1 β-CN milk and A2 β-CN milk on any health-related outcomes and on the impact of A1 or A2 β-CN variant on technological properties of cows' milk. When systematic reviews were considered, it was possible to conclude that A2 β-CN exerts beneficial effects at the gastrointestinal level compared with A1 β-CN, but that there is no evidence of A1 β-CN having negative effects on human health. Physicochemical differences among cows' milk containing either β-CN A2 or β-CN A1 and their effects on technological properties are discussed.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 92%

A2 Milk and BCM-7 Peptide as Emerging Parameters of Milk Quality

et al. 2022

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“…Chia et al [ 89 ] reviewed animal-based trials and in vitro assays and concluded that A1 β-casein and BCM-7 were the dominant triggers of type 1 diabetes in individuals with genetic risk factors. This was consistent with those reported [ 95 ], who hypothesized that exposure to A1 β-casein milk is related to the rising incidence of type 1 diabetes, and Kohil et al [ 96 ], who postulated that BCM-7 could act as an epigenetic modulator, differentially methylating genes involved in type 1 diabetes development.…”

Section: Implications For Human Health Of Dairy β-Caseins and β-Casom...supporting

confidence: 92%

A2 Milk: New Perspectives for Food Technology and Human Health

Fernández-Rico

Mondragón

López-Santamarina

et al. 2022

Foods

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Although milk consumption is increasing worldwide, in some geographical regions, its consumption has persistently declined in recent decades. This fact, together with the increase in milk production prices, has caused both milk producers and the dairy industry to be immersed in a major crisis. Some possible solutions to this problem are to get people who do not currently consume milk to start drinking it again, or to market milk and dairy products with a higher added value. In this context, a type of milk called A2 has recently received attention from the industry. This type of milk, characterized by a difference in an amino acid at position 67 of the β-casein polypeptide chain, releases much smaller amounts of bioactive opioid peptide β-casomorphin 7 upon digestion, which has been linked to harmful effects on human health. Additionally, A2 milk has been attributed worse technological properties in the production of some dairy products. Thus, doubts exist about the convenience for the dairy industry to bet on this product. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the effects on human health of A2 milk, as well as its different technological properties to produce dairy products.

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“…Although there are few population-based registries available in India to show the prevalence of childhood T1D, the increase of the disease could still be found in the population. Additionally, prevalences were the lower in rural areas and girls, suggested the lack of medical facilities and the poor healthcare-seeking behavior for the girls [14].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The increase in diabetes in children from underdeveloped countries

Zhang,

Luo

2024

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

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Purpose of review The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children and adolescents has been increased over decades worldwide. Recent studies showed that the trend of T1D incidences were different between developed and underdeveloped countries. This review aimed to summarize the changes of childhood T1D incidences in underdeveloped countries over the past decade. Recent findings Majority of the underdeveloped countries lacked of nationwide population-based studies on childhood T1D. We reviewed the trend of childhood T1D in important underdeveloped countries with available data in recent years. The incidences of childhood T1D in underdeveloped countries were low decades ago, but it increased significantly recently, particularly in the sub-Saharan African, Middle East and North African regions. Summary The incidences of childhood T1D increased significantly in underdeveloped countries, especially in the sub-Saharan African, Middle East and North African regions. T1D registry and population-based studies are helpful to understand the situation and characteristic of childhood T1D in underdeveloped countries.

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Childhood diabetes in India

Cited by 10 publications

References 19 publications

A2 Milk and BCM-7 Peptide as Emerging Parameters of Milk Quality

A2 Milk and BCM-7 Peptide as Emerging Parameters of Milk Quality

A2 Milk: New Perspectives for Food Technology and Human Health

The increase in diabetes in children from underdeveloped countries

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