Child maltreatment: variation in trends and policies in six developed countries

Gilbert, Ruth; Fluke, John D.; O’Donnell, Melissa; González-Izquierdo, Arturo; Brownell, Marni; Gulliver, Pauline; Janson, Staffan; Sidebotham, Peter

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61087-8

Cited by 266 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…1,2 However, epidemiology to accurately describe the problem and track trends continues to be a stumbling block in the United States and elsewhere. Available data have not resolved disagreements about whether physical abuse of children in the United States has been increasing [3][4][5] or decreasing 6 or whether bullying is an epidemic 7,8 or on the decline. 9 A recent National Academies…”

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Childhood Exposure to Violence, Crime, and Abuse

et al. 2015

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iolence against children continues to grow as a salient issue in national and international public health and public policy discussions. 1,2 However, epidemiology to accurately describe the problem and track trends continues to be a stumbling block in the United States and elsewhere. Available data have not resolved disagreements about whether physical abuse of children in the United States has been increasing [3][4][5] or decreasing 6 or whether bullying is an epidemic 7,8 or on the decline. 9 A recent National Academies Press report pointed to problems in the epidemiology of child maltreatment and called for a "high-quality, populationbased, epidemiological surveillance system that draws on multiple data sources." 10 The most important recent initiative to improve child maltreatment epidemiology is a joint effort of the US Department of Justice and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention initiated in 2008 entitled the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV). 11 Repeated assessments have occurred at 3-year intervals, 12 in 2011 and now in 2014. The availability of this surveillance system means that policy makers and health care professionals can have current information on prevalences and trends. The NatSCEV provides ongoing national estimates of a wide range of violence against youth, including the only national source of information about crimes against children younger than 12 years that are not reported to authorities. IMPORTANCE It is important to estimate the burden of and trends for violence, crime, and abuse in the lives of children.OBJECTIVE To provide health care professionals, policy makers, and parents with current estimates of exposure to violence, crime, and abuse across childhood and at different developmental stages. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThe National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV) includes a representative sample of US telephone numbers from August 28, 2013, to April 30, 2014. Via telephone interviews, information was obtained on 4000 children 0 to 17 years old, with information about exposure to violence, crime, and abuse provided by youth 10 to 17 years old and by caregivers for children 0 to 9 years old.MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE Exposure to violence, crime, and abuse using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. RESULTSIn total, 37.3% of youth experienced a physical assault in the study year, and 9.3% of youth experienced an assault-related injury. Two percent of girls experienced sexual assault or sexual abuse in the study year, while the rate was 4.6% for girls 14 to 17 years old. Overall, 15.2% of children and youth experienced maltreatment by a caregiver, including 5.0% who experienced physical abuse. In total, 5.8% witnessed an assault between parents. Only 2 significant rate changes could be detected compared with the last survey in 2011, namely, declines in past-year exposure to dating violence and lifetime exposure to household theft. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEChildren and youth are exposed to violence, abuse, and crime in ...

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Childhood Exposure to Violence, Crime, and Abuse

et al. 2015

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“…The presence of a worker in the home could result in higher rates of referral to child-welfare agencies and higher rates of presentation at hospital, and this could offset the effects of any real decrease in harm on levels of agency contact (Fergusson et al, 2012;Gilbert, et al, 2012). Administrative measures could show no change, or even an increase in agency contact.…”

Section: Box 3 Sudi Prevention Efforts As a Competing Explanationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there was a statistically significant reduction in hospitalisation for long bone fractures in infancy. Long bone fractures are considered a possible marker for intentional injury (Gilbert, et al, 2012), and this result hints at the possibility of improved child safety because of Family Start.…”

Section: Box 3 Sudi Prevention Efforts As a Competing Explanationmentioning

confidence: 99%

He awa whiria—braided rivers: Understanding the outcomes from Family Start for Māori

Cram¹,

Vette²,

Wilson³

et al. 2018

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In Aotearoa New Zealand a braided rivers-he awa whiria metaphor is facilitating conversations between Māori (indigenous peoples) and non-Māori researchers about the integration of knowledge systems. This article explores how an approach based on he awa whiria can work in practice in the examination of the efficacy for Māori whānau (families) of the government's intensive home-visiting programme, Family Start. A retrospective impact evaluation of Family Start for children born from 2004 to 2011 examined the outcomes for children in families receiving Family Start, compared to a matched control group who did not receive this service. The awa-or knowledge streams-called upon to inform the consideration of the findings for Māori from this evaluation related to: Family Start and its child development and parenting curriculum Āhuru Mōwai and Born to Learn, whānau ora, and measures of whānau wellbeing, other indigenous home-visiting programmes, the impact evaluation method, and the indigenous data sovereignty movement. Braiding (whiria) across these knowledge streams offered new perspectives on the impact evaluation's results for Māori. These results suggested that Family Start reduced post-neonatal mortality for Māori children, regardless of whether the Family Start provider was Māori or nonMāori. Māori children receiving Family Start were more likely to be fully up-to-date with immunisations at age 2, and their mothers were more likely to access services for treatment of addiction relative to the control group. The impact of Family Start on child maltreatment was uncertain. He awa whiria provided a vehicle for Māori and non-Māori research and practice expertise to contribute knowledge to understanding Family Start and explaining these findings. This metaphor holds the promise of supporting Māori engagement with the growing use of linked administrative data.In 1998 the Aotearoa New Zealand government introduced Family Start, an intensive home-visiting programme for pregnant mothers and families with preschool children. The programme targets families and whānau 1 whose social, economic, and family circumstances put at risk good health, education, and social outcomes for their children. Referrals are made by a range of organisations and individuals, and families and whānau may self-refer. Families and whānau are generally enrolled prior to their child's first birthday and remain in the programme until the family can confidently cope and access support on their own, or the child reaches school age (Ministry of Social Development, 2016). Half the children served by Family Start are Māori (Vaithianathan, Wilson, Maloney & Baird, 2016).A recent impact evaluation of Family Start covered children entering the programme over the period 2004to 2011 -12 (Vaithianathan et al., 2016. During this time, Family Start workers made regular home visits (either weekly or fortnightly depending on need) and sought to improve parenting using a structured child development and parenting curriculum called "Āhuru Mōwai and Born to Learn" (se...

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“…Sadly, abuse rates of children within New Zealand are not declining and, indeed, are considered high among member nations of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Gilbert et al 2011); this makes the ongoing need for parents and permanent carers a very real issue. Many children who are cared for by fostering arrangements or by kin are at risk of abuse, or have already been abused, by their birth relatives (Child, Youth 2 A Gibbs and R Scherman and Family 2007).…”

Section: Children Needing Homesmentioning

confidence: 99%