“…Initially overlooked in the field of child maltreatment research, childhood emotional abuse has shown itself to be an especially pernicious influence on development, with predictive power surpassing physical and sexual abuse across varied outcomes, including psychopathology, subjective distress, interpersonal functioning, and destructive behavior (Briere & Runtz, 1988;Dodge Reyome, 2010;Gross & Keller, 1992;Hart, Binggeli, & Brassard, 1997;Kent, Waller, & Dagnan, 1999;McGee, Wolfe, & Wilson, 1997;Paradis & Boucher, 2010;Spertus, Yehuda, Wong, Halligan, & Seremetis, 2003;Vissing, Straus, Gelles, & Harrop, 1991). Characterized by rejecting, degrading, threatening, isolating, or exploiting caregiving (Hart et al, 1997), emotional abuse can occur in isolation, but also frequently accompanies other types of abuse, making it the most common type of maltreatment (Briere & Runtz, 1990;Claussen & Crittenden, 1991).…”