Child health and the income gradient: Evidence from Australia

Khanam, Rasheda; Nghiem, Son; Connelly, Luke B.

doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.05.001

Cited by 118 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Understanding the determinants of child health is important because health in childhood affects human capital accumulation, and health and labor market status in adulthood (Currie, 2008). Findings firmly establish that family income is positively related to children's general health in Australia (Khanam et al, 2009), Canada (Currie and Stabile, 2003), Germany (Reinhold and Jurges, 2011) and the US (Case et al, 2002;Condliffe and Link, 2008). Moreover, the correlation between family income and children's general health strengthens as children grow older in Canada and the US, meaning that the disadvantages associated with parental income accumulate as children age (Case et al, 2002;Currie and Stabile, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…In addition, they provide evidence that the gradient increases with age because low-income children are more likely to be subject of health shocks. Khanam et al (2009) investigate the gradient in Australia, using the first two waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. They find that there is a gradient that strengthens with age, when similar covariates to Case et al (2002) are included.…”

Section: Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As far as we are aware, this constitutes an originality of this paper. In addition, to address the omission of third factors, we estimate augmented models in which we include a large number of controls (Case et al, 2002;Khanam et al, 2009;Propper et al, 2007).…”

Section: Our Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address this issue, we expand the number of regressors and include controls for British regions and for the parents' health. Indeed, articles by Khanam et al (2009) andPropper et al (2007) suggest that parents' health is an important determinant of child health, whose omission biases the gradient estimates.…”

Section: The Endogeneity Of Incomementioning

confidence: 99%

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Family income and child health in the UK

Apouey

Geoffard

2013

Journal of Health Economics

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Recent studies examining the relationship between family income and child health in the UK have produced mixed findings. We re-examine the income gradient in child general health and its evolution with child age in this country, using a very large sample of British children. We find that there is no correlation between income and child general health at ages 0-1, that the gradient emerges around age 2 and remains constant from ages 2 to 17. In addition, we show that the gradient is likely to represent a causal effect of income on child health. Furthermore, we suggest that the gradient in general health reflects a greater prevalence of chronic conditions among low-income children and a greater severity of these conditions. Taken together, these results suggest that income does matter for child health in the UK and may play a role in the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status.JEL classification: I1

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Our Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Endogeneity Of Incomementioning

confidence: 99%

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Family income and child health in the UK

Apouey

Geoffard

2013

Journal of Health Economics

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“…However, there is a significant body of evidence that suggests that past health status is a significant predictor of current health (e.g. Murasko, 2008;Khanam et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussion and Policy Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Childhood Malnutrition on Schooling: Evidence From Bangladesh

2011

Self Cite

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Summary. This paper examines the impact of childhood malnutrition on schooling performance in rural Bangladesh. The results reveal that malnourished children are less likely to enrol in school on time and achieve an age-appropriate grade by 26 percentage points and 31 percentage points, respectively. Other important determinants of schooling outcomes include infrastructure and education level of parents. One major contribution of this paper is the control for the endogeneity of malnutrition status, which otherwise might lead to bias estimates.

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Association of Family Income With Morbidity and Mortality Among US Lower-Income Children and Adolescents

Udalova

Bhatia

Polyakova

2022

JAMA

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ImportanceFamily income is known to be associated with children’s health; the association may be particularly pronounced among lower-income children in the US, who tend to have more limited access to health resources than their higher-income peers.ObjectiveTo investigate the association of family income with claims-based measures of morbidity and mortality among children and adolescents in lower-income families in the US enrolled in Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional analysis included 795 000 participants aged 5 to 17 years enrolled in Medicaid (Medicaid Analytic eXtract claims, 2011-2012) living in families with income below 200% of the federal poverty threshold (American Community Survey, 2008-2013). Follow-up ended in December 2021.ExposuresFamily income relative to the federal poverty threshold.Main Outcomes and MeasuresRecord of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes for an infection, mental health disorder, injury, asthma, anemia, or substance use disorder and death record within 10 years of observation (Social Security Administration death records through 2021).ResultsAmong 795 000 individuals in the sample (all statistics weighted: mean [SD] income-to-poverty ratio, 90% [53%]; mean [SD] age, 10.6 [3.9] years; 56% aged 10 to 17 years), 33% had a diagnosed infection, 13% had a mental health disorder, 6% had an injury, 5% had asthma, 2% had anemia, 1% had a substance use disorder, and 0.6% died between 2011 and 2021, with the mean (SD) age at death of 19.8 (4.2) years. For those aged 5 to 9 years, higher family income was associated with lower adjusted prevalence of all outcomes, except mortality: children in families with an additional 100% income relative to the federal poverty threshold had 2.3 (95% CI, 1.8-2.9) percentage points fewer infections, 1.9 (95% CI, 1.5-2.2) percentage points fewer mental health diagnoses, 0.7 (95% CI, 0.5-0.8) percentage points fewer injuries, 0.3 (95% CI, 0.09-0.5) percentage points less asthma, 0.2 (95% CI, 0.08-0.3) percentage points less anemia, and 0.06 (95% CI, 0.03-0.09) percentage points fewer substance use disorder diagnoses. Except for injury and anemia, the associations were more pronounced among those aged 10 to 17 years than those 5 to 9 years (P for interaction &lt;.05). For those aged 10 to 17 years, an additional 100% income relative to the federal poverty threshold was associated with a lower 10-year mortality rate by 0.18 (95% CI, 0.12-0.25) percentage points.Conclusions and RelevanceAmong children and adolescents in the US aged 5 to 17 years with family income under 200% of the federal poverty threshold who accessed health care through Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, higher family income was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of diagnosed infections, mental health disorders, injury, asthma, anemia, and substance use disorders and lower 10-year mortality. Further research is needed to understand whether these associations are causal.

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Child health and the income gradient: Evidence from Australia

Abstract: The positive relationship between household

Cited by 118 publications

References 35 publications

Family income and child health in the UK

Family income and child health in the UK

The Impact of Childhood Malnutrition on Schooling: Evidence From Bangladesh

Association of Family Income With Morbidity and Mortality Among US Lower-Income Children and Adolescents

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