Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Seed Total Protein and Protein Fractions Digests Reduce Biomarkers of Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Macrophages In Vitro

Abstract

Scope The objectives are to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐atherosclerotic effects of digested total protein and digested protein fractions from chia seed in macrophages in vitro. Methods and results Total protein and protein fractions (albumin, globulin, glutelin, and prolamin) are isolated from chia seed and digested using simulated gastrointestinal conditions, resulting in digested total protein (DTP) and digested protein fractions (DPF). DTP and DPF are applied (1.0 mg mL−1) in RAW 264.4 macrophages stimulated with LPS (1 µg mL−1) for inflammation or ox‐LDL (80 µg mL−1) for atherosclerosis. In the inflammatory process, DTP and DPF reduce p‐NF‐κB, iNOS, p‐JNK, and AP‐1. Digested glutelin reduces the secretion of nitric oxide (65.1%), reactive oxygen species (19.7%), prostaglandins (34.6%), TNF‐α (24.1%), MCP‐1 (18.9%), IL‐6 (39.6%), and IL‐10 (68.7%). DTP and DPF reduce the NF‐κB translocation to nuclei. DTP and digested glutelin reduce iCAM expression (86.4%, 80.8%), LOX‐1 (37.3%, 35.7%), iNOS (67.0%, 42.2%), and NF‐κB (57.5%, 71.1%). DTP is effective in reducing secretion of nitric oxide (43.4%), lipid accumulation (41.9%), prostaglandins (41.9%), TNF‐α (43.3%), MCP‐1 (47.6%), and IL‐6 (50.5%). Peptides from chia DTP and DPF are also characterized. Conclusion DTP and digested glutelin from chia seed reduce expression and secretion of markers related to inflammation and atherosclerosis pathways.

Protein Digests and Pure Peptides from Chia Seed Prevented Adipogenesis and Inflammation by Inhibiting PPARγ and NF-κB Pathways in 3T3L-1 Adipocytes

“…These have been associated with the production of cytokines [ 51 ] and may have regulated the secretion of these small molecules in our study. Previous work from our group showed that peptides from chia seed had in silico interaction with p65-NF-κB, mainly the peptide HYGGPPGGCR, from DTP (EFE: −7.1 kcal/mol), which had the highest interaction with this inflammatory marker [ 25 ]. These data help to explain why only DTP reduced the expression of NF-κB in adipocytes.…”

“…Commercial kits were used to analyze prostaglandin 2 (PGE2) (500141) (Cayman Chemical), TNF-α (DY008), monocytes chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (DY479-05), interleukin-10 (IL-10) (DY417-05), IL-12 (DY419-05) and IL-6 (DY406-05) (R&D Systems), following the manufacturer’s instructions and according Grancieri, Martino and Gonzalez de Mejia [ 25 ]. The cell culture supernatants were diluted 1:5 ( v / v , sample: buffer) for experiments I and II and 1:25 ( v / v , sample: buffer) for experiments III and IV.…”

“…The expression of proteins related with the adipogenesis and inflammation was measured by western blotting and according Grancieri, Martino and Gonzalez de Mejia [ 25 ]. Cell culture were collected after each treatment and lysed with RIPA lysis buffer, sonicated and added with Laemmli buffer (Bio-Rad) containing 5% β-mercaptoethanol, then the cell lysed were frozen at −80 °C.…”

“…Research has shown that digested protein of chia inhibits ACE-enzyme (angiotensin-converting enzyme) activity [ 21 , 23 ], has high antioxidant and antibacterial effects [ 13 , 24 , 25 , 26 ], shows inhibition of cholesterol synthesis [ 24 ]. A recent research from our group showed that digested total protein (DTP), digested albumin, globulin and glutelin from chia seed prevented against inflammation and atherosclerosis process in macrophages RAW 264.7 [ 25 ]. However, there is no evidence about the effect of digested proteins and pure peptides from chia seed on adipogenesis and inflammation induction to adipose tissue and the mechanisms of action.…”

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Salvia hispanica (Lamiaceae)

“…It has significant preventive and therapeutic effects on obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes (Reyes-Caudillo et al 2008;Alfredo et al 2009;Ixtaina et al 2011;Poudyal et al 2012). They also have anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects (da Silva et al 2019;Grancieri et al 2019). Its serinetype protease inhibitors have shown the most positive effects with hepatocarcinoma (HCC) model (Laparra and Haros 2019).…”