Chemoprophylaxis of Tropical Infectious Diseases

McBride, William J. H.

doi:10.3390/ph3051561

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Twenty-six peer-reviewed publications satisfied our selection criteria ( Figure 2 ) and were submitted to a full-text analysis, including 10 quantitative studies [ 37 , 38 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ], two systematic reviews [ 39 , 54 ] and 14 articles of other types [ 35 , 36 , 44 , 45 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ] ( Table 2 and Table A2 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ReviewDoxycycline and penicillinThe role of antibiotics in chemoprophylaxis of leptospirosis is uncertain due to lack of large scale trials. More evidence based studies are required to generate evidence for antibiotics being used as chemoprophylaxis.Dechet [35]2012 PloS ONE Chemoprophylaxis campaign descriptionDoxycyclineThe effectiveness of the massive chemoprophylaxis campaign was inconclusive.McBride [57]2010 Pharmaceuticals ReviewDoxycyclineMay only act to reduce clinical illness rather than infection. May cause nausea and vomitingCruz [58]2009 Ethn.…”

Section: Table A1mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Use of Chemoprophylaxis after Floods to Reduce the Occurrence and Impact of Leptospirosis Outbreaks

Schneider

Hernández

Min

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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Record-breaking and devastating rainfall events have occurred in the past decade. Rain and floods are considered the main risk factors for leptospirosis and several outbreaks have been reported following extreme weather events. In such situations, one possible intervention to prevent leptospirosis cases in high-risk groups is the use of chemoprophylaxis. However, not enough evidence of its effect is available. The objectives of this study were to review the literature on the current practices of chemoprophylaxis for leptospirosis and to explore, using a mathematical model, how various chemoprophylaxis scenarios may affect the progression of a leptospirosis outbreak. Twenty-six peer-reviewed publications were selected (10 quantitative studies, two systematic reviews and 14 articles of other types). Oral doxycycline was the most used antibiotic for chemoprophylaxis of leptospirosis. Post-exposure prophylaxis was assessed in four studies following a natural disaster. Although evidence of the effectiveness of post-exposure prophylaxis is inconsistent, the direction of association supported a protective effect for morbidity and mortality. The theoretical model showed how the assumed benefit of chemoprophylaxis was influenced by the time and rate of administration. Future models should consider the heterogeneity of affected communities, improved estimates of the effect of chemoprophylaxis on leptospirosis infection and disease, as well as potential detrimental impacts. Additional research is critical to provide clear evidence-based recommendations for leptospirosis control during an outbreak. The results of this study suggest that chemoprophylaxis may provide some protection in reducing the number of leptospirosis cases after a high-risk exposure; however, the effective benefit may depend on a variety of factors such as the timing and coverage of prophylaxis. The information summarized can be used to support decision-making during a high-risk event.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Table A1mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Chemoprophylaxis after Floods to Reduce the Occurrence and Impact of Leptospirosis Outbreaks

Schneider

Hernández

Min

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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“…Receive the appropriate chemoprophylaxis recommended for those living in or travelling to vector-prone areas. Chemoprophylaxis is ‘the administration of a drug to prevent the development of a disease’ [ 70 ].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Narrative Review on Health-EDRM Primary Prevention Measures for Vector-Borne Diseases

Chan

Sham

Shahzada

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Climate change is expanding the global at-risk population for vector-borne diseases (VBDs). The World Health Organization (WHO) health emergency and disaster risk management (health-EDRM) framework emphasises the importance of primary prevention of biological hazards and its value in protecting against VBDs. The framework encourages stakeholder coordination and information sharing, though there is still a need to reinforce prevention and recovery within disaster management. This keyword-search based narrative literature review searched databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase and Medline between January 2000 and May 2020, and identified 134 publications. In total, 10 health-EDRM primary prevention measures are summarised at three levels (personal, environmental and household). Enabling factor, limiting factors, co-benefits and strength of evidence were identified. Current studies on primary prevention measures for VBDs focus on health risk-reduction, with minimal evaluation of actual disease reduction. Although prevention against mosquito-borne diseases, notably malaria, has been well-studied, research on other vectors and VBDs remains limited. Other gaps included the limited evidence pertaining to prevention in resource-poor settings and the efficacy of alternatives, discrepancies amongst agencies’ recommendations, and limited studies on the impact of technological advancements and habitat change on VBD prevalence. Health-EDRM primary prevention measures for VBDs require high-priority research to facilitate multifaceted, multi-sectoral, coordinated responses that will enable effective risk mitigation.

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“…The combination of atovaqone with proguanil (malarone) is currently in use in some parts of the world to reverse resistance against proguanil. However, the mechanism of synergism is not by inhibition of heme biosynthesis enzymes, rather it is due to the inhibition of primidine synthesis which is coupled to electron transport system [80]. Ferrochelatase (Hem H) is the last enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway which is localized in mitochondrion.…”

Section: Heme Synthesis Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Apicoplast Biosynthetic Pathways as Possible Targets for Combination Therapy of Malaria

Tesfaye¹,

Prakash²,

Singh³

2015

JPP

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Abstract:The emergence of malaria parasite strains resistant to practically all the antimalarial drugs in clinical use is now making it necessary to discover and develop both new antimalarial drugs and treatments. Recent advances in molecular techniques along with the availability of genome sequence of Plasmodium falciparum may provide a wide range of novel targets in metabolic pathways like isoprenoid biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis and heme biosynthesis in the apicoplast of Plasmodium. On the other hand, the combination therapy approach (currently used to retard the selection of parasite strains resistant to individual components of a combination of drugs) has proved to be a success in the combination of sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine, which targets two different steps in the folate pathway of malaria parasite. However, after the success of this therapeutic combination, the efficacy of other combinations of drugs which target different enzymes in a particular metabolic pathway has, apparently, not been reported. Therefore, herein, we review various drug targets so far discovered in apicoplast-related anabolic pathways, especially, with a sharper focus on the possibility to target more than one enzyme at a time in a particular metabolic pathway of malaria parasites.

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Chemoprophylaxis of Tropical Infectious Diseases

Cited by 8 publications

References 90 publications

The Use of Chemoprophylaxis after Floods to Reduce the Occurrence and Impact of Leptospirosis Outbreaks

The Use of Chemoprophylaxis after Floods to Reduce the Occurrence and Impact of Leptospirosis Outbreaks

Narrative Review on Health-EDRM Primary Prevention Measures for Vector-Borne Diseases

Apicoplast Biosynthetic Pathways as Possible Targets for Combination Therapy of Malaria

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