Chemopreventive Properties of Dietary Rice Bran: Current Status and Future Prospects

Abstract

Emerging evidence suggests that dietary rice bran may exert beneficial effects against several types of cancer, such as breast, lung, liver, and colorectal cancer. The chemopreventive potential has been related to the bioactive phytochemicals present in the bran portion of the rice such as ferulic acid, tricin, β-sitosterol, γ-oryzanol, tocotrienols/tocopherols, and phytic acid. Studies have shown that the anticancer effects of the rice bran-derived bioactive components are mediated through their ability to induce apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation, and alter cell cycle progression in malignant cells. Rice bran bioactive components protect against tissue damage through the scavenging of free radicals and the blocking of chronic inflammatory responses. Rice bran phytochemicals have also been shown to activate anticancer immune responses as well as affecting the colonic tumor microenvironment in favor of enhanced colorectal cancer chemoprevention. This is accomplished through the modulation of gut microflora communities and the regulation of carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes. In addition, the low cost of rice production and the accessibility of rice bran make it an appealing candidate for global dietary chemoprevention. Therefore, the establishment of dietary rice bran as a practical food-derived chemopreventive agent has the potential to have a significant impact on cancer prevention for the global population.

Anti-invasive Activity against Cancer Cells of Phytochemicals in Red Jasmine Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

“…Here, we report for the first time that γ-oryzanol reduced MDA-MB-231 cell invasion, which corresponded with the finding that Hex and DCM fractions reduced cancer cell invasion. On the other hand, several studies have reported that γ-tocotrienol showed anti-tumor effects, as well as the potential to induce apoptosis, and to inhibit angiogenesis and metastasis (Henderson et al, 2012;Manu et al, 2012). Our results confirm that at 10 μg/ml of γ-tocotrienol reduced MDA-MB-231 cell invasion.…”

“…Gamma oryzanol is a mixture of phytosteryl ferulates found in rice bran. It is particularly important to note that γ-oryzanol exhibits antioxidant, anti-carcinogenesis and anti-inflammatory properties (Henderson et al, 2012;Klongpityapong et al, 2013). Here, we report for the first time that γ-oryzanol reduced MDA-MB-231 cell invasion, which corresponded with the finding that Hex and DCM fractions reduced cancer cell invasion.…”

“…Red rice contains a variety of bioactive components with chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities, including phenolic compounds, γ-oryzanol, tocopherols and tocotrienols (Henderson et al, 2012;Tammasakchai The contents of γ-oryzanol and γ-tocotrienol in red rice extract fractions appeared highest in the Hex fraction, followed by the DCM fraction, while fewer amounts or none at all were detected in the EtOAc fraction. Specifically, γ-oryzanol is the major component contained in the Hex and DCM fractions.…”

Nutraceuticals: Curative Integrative Cancer Treatment

“…Polyphenols affect cancer by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA methylation, inducing phase II detoxification, and influencing cell signaling [25,26]. Polyphenols include cocoa, curcumin (found in turmeric), rice bran oil phenolics, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and ferulic acid esters [45].…”

“…Phytic Acids: Phytic acids include defatted rice bran phytate and inositols [45]. Inositols include inositol phophates, inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6), and myo-Inositol [67].…”