Chemometrics, health risk assessment and probable sources of soluble total petroleum hydrocarbons in atmospheric rainwater, Rivers State, Nigeria

Abstract

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs)—(aliphatic and aromatic) were analysed for in atmospheric rainwater between April–June; July–August; September–October depicting early, mid, late rain of 2019. Sampling at Rumuodomaya/Rumuodome and Ogale in Rivers State using basins fastened to a Table 2M above ground and 120 M from high features, Rainwater was analysed after treatment using Agilent GC-FID. Results show cumulative TPHs at R/R were 56.6551 mg/L, 39.5201 mg/L and 7.2283 mg/L, Ogale: 9.1217 mg/L, 59.4923 mg/L and 21.9825 mg/L. Aliphatic hydrocarbons: C5–C8 were < 1, low contamination, other carbon aggregates (C9–C16, C17–C35, and C36–C40) indicate high contamination. Chemometric assessment showed high contamination. TPHs aggregates at Rumuodomaya/Rumuodome were–C8–C11 (1.034 and 1.005) early rain, C18–C25 and C26–C33 has Carbon preference index of 1.287 and 1.630 (mid-rain), C26–C33 has CPI of 1.288 (late-rain), Ogale area, C26–C33 has CPI of 1.732 (early-rain), mid-rain C8–C11 (2.768) and C12–C17 (5.368). Pristane/phytane ratio indicated biogenic and pyrogenic sources. Average carbon length of TPHs for odd n-alkanes were C9–C11 (9.446) and C35–C39 (38.980), C9–C11(10.238), C35–C39 (36.510); C9–C11 (10.240) and C35–C39 (36.934). Average daily intake depicted possible health issues for children and adults as hazard index > 1 for aromatics.

Compositional and seasonal differences of gas and particle phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) over the southern Baltic Sea coast

“…Wang et al 18 found that daily light rainfalls in the range of 1-20 mm play a crucial role in atmospheric particles' wet deposition rates. As reported in Omokpariola et al 19 , atmospheric rainwater directly affected PAH…”

“…As reported in Omokpariola et al . 19 , atmospheric rainwater directly affected PAH spatiotemporal variability and budget in heavily polluted areas in Nigeria. These findings indicate that precipitation can serve as a good marker of PAH sources, distribution, transformation and deposition pathways.…”

Extracting Information and Enhancing the Quality of Separation Data: A Review on Chemometrics-Assisted Analysis of Volatile, Soluble and Colloidal Samples

“…Mazur et al [57] used GC-MS to identify pollutants in snow samples coming from several areas of Moscow city, and CA and Spearman correlation analysis [58] to evaluate the spatial distribution of pollutants. Omokpariola et al [59] used GC-FID to quantify the presence of hydrocarbons coming from petroleum processing in several samples of rainwater in Nigeria. The contamination found in that region is a serious problem, due to dermal and skin exposure, because rainwater is also a source of drinking water.…”

Effect of storage on the levels of sodium benzoate in soft drinks sold in some Nigerian market with exposure and health risk assessment

“…Chemical precursors of benzene such as benzoates and benzoic acid triggers hyperactivity in children, as other related health effect includes malaise (vomiting, headaches, body weakness, esophagus irritation), pseudo-allergy, urticarial and DNA changes [23,[46][47][48]. World health organization (WHO) review shows that sodium benzoate symptoms are relatively mild and fade-off within few hours but can be adverse health effect over prolong consumption of soft drinks [23,[47][48][49][50].…”