Chemo-Immunological Studies on Conjugated Carbohydrate-Proteins

Abstract

1. When two chemically different carbohydrate derivatives are bound to the same protein, the newly formed antigens exhibit distinct immunological specificity. 2. When the same carbohydrate radical is conjugated with two chemically different and serologically distinct proteins both of the sugar-proteins thus formed acquire a common serological specificity. 3. The newly acquired specificity of the artificially prepared sugar-proteins is determined by the chemical constitution of the carbohydrate radical attached to the protein molecules. Simple differences in the molecular configuration of the two isomers,—glucose and galactose—suffice to orientate protein specificity when the corresponding glucosides of the two sugars are coupled to the same protein. 4. The unconjugated glucosides, although themselves not precipitable in immune serum, inhibit the reaction between the homologous sugar-protein and its specific antibody. The inhibition test is specific. 5. The sugar derivatives unattached to protein exhibit the properties of carbohydrate haptens; they are non-antigenic but specifically reactive, as shown by inhibition tests, with antibodies induced by proteins containing the homologous diazotized glucoside. 6. The specificity of artificially prepared sugar-proteins is discussed with reference to the chemo-immunological nature of the bacterial antigens containing complex sugars.

Serotype-independent pneumococcal experimental vaccines that induce cellular as well as humoral immunity

“…Because of the extreme age dependence of the human antipolysaccharide response, however, CP vaccine is ineffective in infants (16)(17)(18). Another seminal finding of the Rockefeller group, shown with pneumococcus, was that coupling of CPs or even their immunodeterminant sugars to carrier proteins increases the CP-reactive antibody response (19,20). Five decades later, this approach was used for conjugate CP vaccines to protect infants against the capsulated pathogen Haemophilus influenzae type b (21)(22)(23).…”

Engineering of virus-like particles for alternative vaccine candidate targeting a hypervariable peptide antigen element

“…The first generation of vaccines ended following the development of purified polysaccharide vaccine to combat meningococcus serogroups A, C, Y, and W (Austrian et al 1976), as well as Haemophilus influenza type b (Anderson et al 1972). The development in the use of purifiedpolysaccharide based vaccines then lead to the development of conjugate vaccines, in which the polysaccharides were conjugated to a protein (Avery andGoebel 1929, Robbins andSchneerson 1990).…”

An Overview of History, Evolution, and Manufacturing of Various Generations of Vaccines

“…They observed that weak immunogenicity of polysaccharide antigen of streptococcus pneumonia type 3 increased by its connection to the carrier protein in rabbit. These observations led to a foundation for producing modern conjugate vaccines (42). In 1987, hemophilus influenza B (HIB) was the first conjugate vaccine, which could obtain license for medical usage and was later used for immunization of infants.…”