Chemistry, Synthesis, and Structure Activity Relationship of Anticancer Quinoxalines

Abstract

Quinoxaline is a fused heterocycle system of a benzene ring and pyrazine ring. It has earned considerable attention due to its importance in the field of medicinal chemistry. The system is of extensive importance due to its comprehensive array of biological activities. Quinoxaline derivatives have been used as anticancer, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-TB, antimalarial, antiviral, anti-HIV, and many other uses. Variously substituted quinoxalines are significant therapeutic agents in the pharmaceutical industry. This review spotlights on the chemistry, physiochemical characters, synthesis, pharmaceutical products, and medicinal chemistry of various anticancer quinoxaline derivatives that were developed in the last period. It covers the period from 2016 to 2023.

γ-Hydroxy-γ-butyrolactams as 1,2-bis-electrophiles in a Brønsted/Lewis acid-free synthesis of condensed nitrogen heterocycles

“…150. 4 Preparation of 2-phenylquinoxaline 8aa from 3,5-diphenyl-3Hpyrrol-2-one 15aa 3,5-Diphenyl-3H-pyrrol-2-one 15aa (1.00 mmol), benzene-1,2diamine 6a (1.10 mmol) and H 2 O (1 mL) were charged in a G10 vial. Then, the vial was sealed and heated in an Anton Paar Monowave 300 microwave apparatus at 180 1C for 90 min.…”

“…Quinoxalines stand out as a prominent scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Recent reviews have comprehensively explored both general aspects 1–3 and specific activity profiles, encompassing anticancer 4,5 and antiviral properties, 6 as well as their use as pesticides. 7 The widespread interest in these structures has led to the development of diverse synthetic approaches, 8 which include transition metal catalysis, 9 microwave activation, 10 and original rearrangements.…”

Quinazoline Derivatives as Targeted Chemotherapeutic Agents

“…Many anticancer quinazolines have been approved by the FDA and are available in the market for clinical use in the treatment of cancer, such as raltitrexed and trimetrexate, which work by inhibiting DHFR. There are also many quinazolines that work by inhibiting tyrosine kinase enzymes, such as gefitinib, erlotinib, vandetanib, dacomitinib, afatinib, canertinib, and lapatinib [ 39 ]. These derivatives exhibit some degree of selectivity but still have many side effects, including gastric, hematological, and neurological disorders.…”