All biological information, since the last common ancestor of all life on earth, has been encoded by a genetic alphabet consisting of only four nucleotides that form two base pairs. Long standing efforts to develop two synthetic nucleotides that form a third, unnatural base pair (UBP) have recently yielded three promising candidates, one based on alternate hydrogen bonding, and two based on hydrophobic and packing forces. All three UBPs are replicated and transcribed with remarkable efficiency and fidelity, and the latter two thus demonstrate that hydrogen bonding is not unique in its ability to underlie the storage and retrieval of genetic information. This review highlights these recent developments as well as the applications enabled by the UBPs, including the expansion of the evolution process to include new functionality and the creation of semi-synthetic life that stores increased information.