Chemical Structures of Group 4 Metal Crosslinkers for Polygalactomannans

Harry, David N.; Putzig, Donald E.; Moorhouse, Ralph; DelPesco, Tom; Jernakoff, Peter

doi:10.2118/50731-ms

Cited by 20 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Because guar and guar derivatives are known to cross-link with group IV metals, 16 the viscosity of several such gels was tested while changing pressure. As shown in Figures 5 (titanium cross-linker) and Figure 6 (zirconium cross-linker), neither the titanium-nor the zirconium-cross-linked gel showed large responses to pressure.…”

Section: Results and Discusssionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Pressure on Boron Cross-Linked Polymer Gels

et al. 2008

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Using steady-shear rheometry in combination with high-pressure 11B nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (11B NMR), we have found that gels formed from water-soluble polymers containing vicinal hydroxyl groups cross-linked with various boron-containing compounds undergo significant structural changes that result in a pronounced loss of viscosity when placed under pressure. Importantly, gels from other cross-linking agents tested, including Ti(IV) and Zr(IV), did not show this loss in viscosity. The experimental study probed pressure-induced changes to both galactomannan and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gels cross-linked with either aryl boronic acids or alkali metal boron-containing salts using pressure conditions that ranged from atmospheric to 680 bar and temperatures that ranged from 20 to 65 °C. Significantly, the pressure-induced losses in viscosity and, to a somewhat lesser extent, the concomitant pressure-induced 11B NMR spectral changes were found to be reversed upon lowering the pressure.

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Section: Results and Discusssionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Pressure on Boron Cross-Linked Polymer Gels

et al. 2008

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“…Due to the needs of deep/ultra-deep fracturing, researchers have proposed organometallic crosslinking agents. Compared with inorganic crosslinking agents, the intermolecular bond energy between organometallic crosslinking agents and thickeners is large, which can greatly improve the temperature resistance of fracturing fluids [38]. Due to the large specific surface area and abundant active hydroxyl groups of nanomaterials, some scholars have prepared nano-crosslinking agents, which can effectively increase the size of crosslinking agents and crosslinking sites, reduce the dosage of thickeners needed, and reduce fracturing costs [39].…”

Section: Crosslinked Gel Fracturing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Weak Gel Fracturing Fluids for Deep Shale Gas Reservoirs

Yang,

Yu,

Zhao

et al. 2024

Gels

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Low-viscosity slickwater fracturing fluids are a crucial technology for the commercial development of shallow shale gas. However, in deep shale gas formations with high pressure, a higher sand concentration is required to support fractures. Linear gel fracturing fluids and crosslinked gel fracturing fluids have a strong sand-carrying capacity, but the drag reduction effect is poor, and it needs to be pre-prepared to decrease the fracturing cost. Slick water fracturing fluids have a strong drag reduction effect and low cost, but their sand-carrying capacity is poor and the fracturing fluid sand ratio is low. The research and development of viscous slick water fracturing fluids solves this problem. It can be switched on-line between a low-viscosity slick water fracturing fluid and high-viscosity weak gel fracturing fluid, which significantly reduces the cost of single-well fracturing. A polyacrylamide drag reducer is the core additive of slick water fracturing fluids. By adjusting its concentration, the control of the on-line viscosity of fracturing fluid can be realized, that is, ‘low viscosity for drag reduction, high viscosity for sand-carrying’. Therefore, this article introduces the research and application status of a linear gel fracturing fluid, crosslinked gel fracturing fluid, and slick water fracturing fluid for deep shale gas reservoirs, and focuses on the research status of a viscous slick water fracturing fluid and viscosity-controllable polyacrylamide drag reducer, with the aim of providing valuable insights for the research on water-based fracturing fluids in the stimulation of deep shale gas reservoirs.

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“…Viscosity A wide usable temperature range for viscosity stability is desired when implementing a new crosslinked fracturing gel. Throughout the development of the res-free fluid, transition metal-based crosslinkers (Harry et al 1999) were found most favorable for providing the necessary fluid stability and crosslink behavior (i.e., instant or delayed mechanism). Results displayed in Fig.…”

Section: Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Residue-Free Fracturing Fluid Provides Superior Cleanup and Exceptional Proppant Transport

2013

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Currently, guar-based fluid systems are the preferred choice for hydraulic fracturing operations, primarily because the fluid formulations can be widely varied depending on reservoir conditions and operational needs. However, fluids prepared with guar are inherently dirty and contain water-insoluble residues, which can significantly reduce the permeability of the proppant pack when flowing back and producing the well. This can result in a possible reduction in overall hydrocarbon production. Herein, a new, residue-free, hydraulic fracturing fluid system has been developed that provides excellent performance during the fracturing process and includes superior cleanup characteristics.The "res-free" fluid is a premium fracturing fluid with comparable, or improved, properties compared to a typical guar/borate crosslinked system. First, because the fluid does not generate insoluble residue on breaking, excellent regained conductivity and core permeability can be achieved, which has been demonstrated both in laboratory testing and in the field by measuring well productivity. Second, the fluid is robust, allowing for precise viscosity and breaker control. Third, the fluid is salt tolerant and is usable up to temperatures of 275°F. Finally, it is capable of providing excellent proppant-carrying characteristics. The proppant-transport characteristics of this fluid are comparable to other fluids in use, as measured by a slurry viscometer. This paper highlights regained conductivity and core permeability, rheological performance, and proppanttransport characteristics of the new fluid and provides comparative guar-based fluid data. This new, residue-free fluid is applicable to fracturing a wide variety of reservoirs, including unconventional reservoirs, and has been used successfully in over 180 wells (>2,250 stages/zones) at temperatures up to 300°F bottomhole static temperature (BHST). Future papers will present case studies of jobs and will provide production and well performance results.

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Chemical Structures of Group 4 Metal Crosslinkers for Polygalactomannans

Abstract: This paper was prepared for presentation at the 1999 SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry held in Houston, Texas, 16-19 February 1999.

Cited by 20 publications

References 4 publications

Influence of Pressure on Boron Cross-Linked Polymer Gels

Influence of Pressure on Boron Cross-Linked Polymer Gels

A Review of Weak Gel Fracturing Fluids for Deep Shale Gas Reservoirs

Residue-Free Fracturing Fluid Provides Superior Cleanup and Exceptional Proppant Transport

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