Chemical stimuli of respiration in the early neonatal period

Reardon, Helen S.; Baumann, Mary; Haddad, Élie

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(60)80049-2

Cited by 37 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Measurement of Pao, in normal new-born infants after the third day has been scanty. Reardon et al (1960) found that six out of the thirteen infants studied had a Pa 02 of less than 78 mm Hg between the second and sixth days. A low mean Pa 02 (70-75 mm Hg) was more obvious in the new-born lamb up to the tenth day after birth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In both species, this is corrected in 24-48 hr (Graham & Wilson, 1954;Weisbrot, James, Prince, Holaday & Apgar, 1958;Reardon, Baumann & Haddad, 1960). Most of these and other studies on the new-born infant have concentrated on the changes which occur in the first 2 or 3 days after birth but the data of Reardon et al (1960) show that the non-respiratory acidosis is followed by a compensated respiratory alkalosis where the pHa is normal and both the arterial Pco0 and HC03-are markedly reduced. A similar acid-base pattern was found in the lamb up to the tenth day after birth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The respiratory response of the new‐born lamb to inhaled CO₂ with and without accompanying hypoxia*

Purves¹

1966

The Journal of Physiology

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and values for both were reduced with the acid-base disturbances seen in the first 10 days after birth. Evidence was given which suggested that the response of the new-born lamb to inhaled C02 was similar to that of man acclimatized to a P-02 of 70-75 mm Hg.5. In the lightly anaesthetized lamb, bilateral section of the sinus nerves caused a small reduction in the sensitivity to inhaled 5 % C02 in air, an increase in the respiratory lag and a reduction in the rate at which v increased.6. It was concluded that, in the new-born lamb, the carotid chemo-* Supported in part by USPHS grant HE 06285.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The respiratory response of the new‐born lamb to inhaled CO₂ with and without accompanying hypoxia*

Purves¹

1966

The Journal of Physiology

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“…(1964), and Kildeberg (1964a). Weisbrot et al (1958) and Reardon et al (1960) found a greater degree of non-respiratory acidosis. The normal range forms the largest over-all group in Table 4.…”

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confidence: 97%

“…Most reports have concerned the acid-base status at birth and the changes during the first few hours oflife (Oliver, Demis, and Bates, 1961;Weisbrot, James, Prince, Holaday, and Apgar, 1958;Fischer and Toussaint, 1963). Several authors have published values for normal infants at different ages (Reardon, Graham, Wilson, Baumann, Tsao, and Murayama, 1950;Graham and Wilson, 1954;Reardon, Baumann, and Haddad, 1960;Prod'hom, Levison, Cherry, Drorbaugh, Hubbell, and Smith, 1964;Kildeberg, 1964a, b), but only Reardon et al (1960) have made a serial survey beyond the first 24 hours. It therefore seemed worth while to study the acid-base status on the same infants serially at predetermined times over a period of 72 hours.…”

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confidence: 99%

Serial Acid-Base Determinations in Normal Premature and Full-Term Infants During the First 72 Hours of Life

Malan

Evans

Heese

1967

Survey of Anesthesiology

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have made a serial survey beyond the first 24 hours. It therefore seemed worth while to study the acid-base status on the same infants serially at predetermined times over a period of 72 hours. No such published data are available for premature infants. The opportunity also presented itself to re-evaluate the role ofpH and Pco5 in infants with a respiratory frequency over 60/min. but without respiratory distress (Branning, 1942;Prod'hom et al., 1964. Material and Methods An unselected group of premature and full-term infants was studied in the Peninsula Maternity Hospital. The total number of infants was 36, of whom 20 were premature and 16 were full term. The series of estimations was largely completed on 17 of the premature and all the full-term infants. However, as only normal and healthy infants were to be considered, 3 premature babies who developed respiratory distress were excluded. Seven children were discharged between 48-72 hours and their final readings were, therefore, not obtained. The majority of the group studied were normal vertex deliveries, with 6 caesarean sections and 2 breech extrac-* C.S.I.R. Senior Bursar, Department of Child Health, University of Cape Town. tions, of which equal numbers were premature and full term. The decision as to maturity was made on birth weight alone. The average premature birth weight was 2-25 kg. and for full-term infants it was 3 09 kg. The premature group was not further subdivided because of the small number of cases below 2-0 kg. Premature babies were starved for the first 24 hours. They were then given two 5% dextrose water feeds followed by halfstrength expressed breast milk (EBM). The strength of EBM was increased to 75% on the 3rd day. Full-term infants were given one or two 5% dextrose feeds at about 12 hours and then taken to the mothers for breast feeding. If the mother was not able to breast feed, e.g. after caesarean section, the infant then also received halfstrength EBM which was increased to 75% on the 3rd day. In 15 premature and 6 full-term infants the respiratory rate was recorded every half-hour for the first 18 hours.Arterialized capillary blood was collected from each infant at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours of age. Blood samples were taken from heel stabs after warming the foot for 15 minutes (Gambino, 1961). 224 acid-base values were immediately determined by means of the Astrup method (Siggaard Andersen, Engel, J0rgensen and Astrup, 1960). The pH and Pco2 were corrected for the temperature of the patient (Rosenthal, 1948; Siggaard Andersen, 1963): this was of importance, as some premature infants had subnormal temperatures. Care was taken to avoid crying before and during the procedure and we were successful on all but 12 of the 224 occasions. The collection of the blood and the determinations were carried out by two of the authors. Throughout the study there was good correlation between the findings of the two operators. Very good blood flow was obtained from these infants compared with experience in ill infants suffering from re...

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“…Seventy-five per cent of the values below 32 mm Hg were obtained from lambs less than 5 days old. P., co. (Graham, 1959;Reardon et al 1960; Nelson, Prod'hom, Cherry, Lipstitz & Smith, 1963). The Pa C02 has also been found to be low by adult standards within the first 3-4 days of life.…”

Section: Normal Values and Controlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory and circulatory effects of breathing 100% oxygen in the new‐born lamb before and after denervation of the carotid chemoreceptors*

Purves¹

1966

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Methods are described for measuring tidal volume and frequency, end-tidal C02, blood pressure and heart rate, and arterial gas tensions in the unanaesthetized new-born lamb.2. The resting values of minute ventilation (J)/kg body wt. and arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tension, (P.,°s ) and (P., co,) were similar to those which have been reported in the new-born baby. There was a direct and significant relation between Paw 0, and Pa, cO, and the age of the lamb.3. Thirty-five unanaesthetized lambs aged 40 min to 10 days breathed 100% oxygen; minute ventilation fell by an average of 19% of control, end-tidal C02 increased and the ratio of change in tidal volume (AVT) to change in pressure (AP) (AVTIAP) remained constant. In a proportion of lambs, a small decrease in blood pressure and heart rate was observed. The effect of breathing 100 % 02 on lung compliance was variable.4. These changes in ventilation were virtually abolished after both sinus nerves had been cut.5. The results therefore suggest that a significant hypoxic drive to ventilation exists in the new-born lamb and that this drive is mediated by functioning and mature peripheral chemoreceptors.6. Preliminary evidence suggested that, on 100 % 02, the sensitivity of new-born lambs to inhaled C02 was reduced.

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Chemical stimuli of respiration in the early neonatal period

Cited by 37 publications

References 24 publications

The respiratory response of the new‐born lamb to inhaled CO₂ with and without accompanying hypoxia*

The respiratory response of the new‐born lamb to inhaled CO₂ with and without accompanying hypoxia*

Serial Acid-Base Determinations in Normal Premature and Full-Term Infants During the First 72 Hours of Life

Respiratory and circulatory effects of breathing 100% oxygen in the new‐born lamb before and after denervation of the carotid chemoreceptors*

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Chemical stimuli of respiration in the early neonatal period

Cited by 37 publications

References 24 publications

The respiratory response of the new‐born lamb to inhaled CO2 with and without accompanying hypoxia*

The respiratory response of the new‐born lamb to inhaled CO2 with and without accompanying hypoxia*

Serial Acid-Base Determinations in Normal Premature and Full-Term Infants During the First 72 Hours of Life

Respiratory and circulatory effects of breathing 100% oxygen in the new‐born lamb before and after denervation of the carotid chemoreceptors*

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The respiratory response of the new‐born lamb to inhaled CO₂ with and without accompanying hypoxia*

The respiratory response of the new‐born lamb to inhaled CO₂ with and without accompanying hypoxia*