Chemical Speciation of Exhaust Emissions from Trucks and Buses Fueled on Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel and CNG

Lev-On, Miriam; LeTavec, Chuck; Uihlein, Jim; Alleman, Teresa L.; Lawson, Douglas R.; Vertin, Keith; Thompson, Gregory; Gautam, Mridul; Wayne, Scott; Zielińska, Barbara; Sagebiel, John C.; Chatterjee, Sougato; Hallstrom, Kevin

doi:10.4271/2002-01-0432

Cited by 34 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…[63][64][65]68,[76][77][78] Finally, Figure 9 compares the ratio of elemental carbon (EC) to total carbon (TC; where TC ¼ EC þ organic carbon [OC]) for different engine exhaust types, providing further evidence that NTDE particulate is more comparable to engine exhaust particulate from CNG-and gasoline-fueled engines than to TDE particulate. 63,103,104 As shown in Figure 9, EC/TC ratios for NTDE are substantially lower than those for both TDE and gasoline-engine particulate for both transient and steady-state test cycles, bearing the greatest resemblance to those for CNG particulate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The elemental carbon proportions of total carbon from particulate emissions for transit buses (TDE, NTDE, and CNG) and passenger cars (gasoline) tested under transient test cycles and steady-state conditions. The transient test cycle for the transit buses was the Central Business District test cycle, 103 whereas the Unified Driving Cycle was used for the cars. 104 The steady-state data for transit buses and cars are from Holmén and Ayala 63 and Schauer et al, 104 respectively.…”

Section: 102mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Particulate Matter in New Technology Diesel Exhaust (NTDE) is Quantitatively and Qualitatively Very Different from that Found in Traditional Diesel Exhaust (TDE)

Hesterberg

Long

Sax

et al. 2011

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Diesel exhaust (DE) characteristic of pre-1988 engines is classified as a "probable" human carcinogen (Group 2A) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has classified DE as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans." These classifications were based on the large body of health effect studies conducted on DE over the past 30 or so years. However, increasingly stringent U.S. emissions standards for particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) in diesel exhaust have helped stimulate major technological advances in diesel engine technology and diesel fuel/lubricant composition, resulting in the emergence of what has been termed New Technology Diesel Exhaust, or NTDE. NTDE is defined as DE from post-2006 and older retrofit diesel engines that incorporate a variety of technological advancements, including electronic controls, ultra-low-sulfur diesel fuel, oxidation catalysts, and wall-flow diesel particulate filters (DPFs). As discussed in a prior review (T. W. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 6437-6445), numerous emissions characterization studies have demonstrated marked differences in regulated and unregulated emissions between NTDE and "traditional diesel exhaust" (TDE) from pre-1988 diesel engines. Now there exist even more data demonstrating significant chemical and physical distinctions between the diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) in NTDE versus DEP from pre-2007 diesel technology, and its greater resemblance to particulate emissions from compressed natural gas (CNG) or gasoline engines. Furthermore, preliminary toxicological data suggest that the changes to the physical and chemical composition of NTDE lead to differences in biological responses between NTDE versus TDE exposure. Ongoing studies are expected to address some of the remaining data gaps in the understanding of possible NTDE health effects, but there is now sufficient evidence to conclude that health effects studies of pre-2007 DE likely have little relevance in assessing the potential health risks of NTDE exposures. INTRODUCTIONDiesel-engine exhaust (DE) exposures and health effects have been studied extensively for decades. DE is a source of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), carbon monoxide (CO), and a number of air toxics (e.g., aldehydes,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: 102mentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate Matter in New Technology Diesel Exhaust (NTDE) is Quantitatively and Qualitatively Very Different from that Found in Traditional Diesel Exhaust (TDE)

Hesterberg

Long

Sax

et al. 2011

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…It is clear (e.g., Frank et al, 2004;Lev-On et al, 2002) that engine aftertreatment is considerably more effective in emission reductions than fuel reformulation. Thus, fuel compositions that benefit engine/aftertreatment system performance become more important than simply those reducing engine-out PM.…”

Section: How Do Fuel Properties Affect Pm Emissions?mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Detailed PM chemical analysis was part of the 1999-2003 ECD Technology Validation Study into the effects of DPF aftertreatment and ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel on their emissions from trucks and buses (Lev-On, LeTavec, Uihlein, Alleman et al, 2002;Lev-On, LeTavec, Uihlein, Kimura et al, 2002;Lev-On & Zielinska, 2004). The subset of vehicles selected for chemical analysis included a diesel school bus, two diesel grocery trucks, a diesel transit bus, and two compressed natural gas (CNG) transit buses.…”

Section: Motor Vehicle Pm Composition-laboratory Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: A review

Maricq

2007

Journal of Aerosol Science

756

122

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“…Previous studies conducted by the California Resources Board estimated that, for instance, heavy-duty vehicles account for nearly 80% of particulate matter (PM) in California. 1 In Brazil, the government regulatory agencies have estimated mobile source emissions for several urban areas. The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo has the largest running fleet in Brazil: roughly 7.3 million passenger cars and commercial vehicles being composed of approximately 6% of diesel vehicles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentration of airbone trace metals in a bus station with a high heavy-duty diesel fraction

Loyola¹,

Arbilla²,

Quitério³

et al. 2009

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Amostras de material particulado total (MPT) e MP 10 foram coletadas numa estação de ônibus, no período de agosto de 2006 a fevereiro de 2007. Na área, as únicas fontes importantes de emissão de poluentes são os ônibus, já que os veículos leves representam apenas 1-2% do fluxo total e não são desenvolvidas outras atividades no local. As concentrações de metais foram determinadas por espectroscopia de emissão por plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES). Os metais mais abundantes foram Ca, Mg, Fe e Al, que correspondem a 50,1%; 24,2%; 6,5% e 18,7%, respectivamente, do conteúdo metálico. O Co, Ni, Cd, Cr e Pb foram encontrados em níveis inferiores ao seu limite de detecção, exceto para algumas poucas amostras. Os fatores de enriquecimento calculados, mostram que o Zn e o Cu são devidos provavelmente à composição do combustível e do óleo lubrificante. O Ca, Mg e Al podem ser atribuídos à resuspensão de poeira, enquanto que o Fe pode ser devido tanto à ressuspensão de poeira como as emissões dos veículos.Total particulate matter (TSP) and PM 10 samples were collected in a bus station, in the period of August 2006 to February 2007. Buses are the only significant emission sources in this area once light duty vehicles represent about 1-2% of total flux and no other activities are developed in the location. Concentrations of metals in the samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Ca, Mg, Fe and Al were the most abundant elements and accounted for about 50.1%, 24.2%, 6.5% and 18.7% of the total metal content. Co, Ni, Cd, Cr and Pb were under detection limits except for a few samples. Calculated enrichment factors show that Zn and Cu are probably due to fuel and oil composition. Ca, Mg and Al may be attributed to dust resuspension while Fe may be due to both dust resuspension and contribution of vehicles.

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Chemical Speciation of Exhaust Emissions from Trucks and Buses Fueled on Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel and CNG

Cited by 34 publications

References 6 publications

Particulate Matter in New Technology Diesel Exhaust (NTDE) is Quantitatively and Qualitatively Very Different from that Found in Traditional Diesel Exhaust (TDE)

Particulate Matter in New Technology Diesel Exhaust (NTDE) is Quantitatively and Qualitatively Very Different from that Found in Traditional Diesel Exhaust (TDE)

Chemical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: A review

Concentration of airbone trace metals in a bus station with a high heavy-duty diesel fraction

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