Chemical Profiling, Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase, and Antiprotozoal Potentials of Artemisia copa Phil. (Asteraceae)

Abstract

Artemisia copa Phil. (Asteraceae) (known as copa-copa) is a native species of Chile used as an infusion in traditional medicine by Atacameños people in the Altiplano, highlands of northern Chile. In this research, we have investigated for the first time the cholinesterase inhibition potential against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and the chemical profiling of the infusions prepared from the aerial parts of A. copa by high resolution spectrometry. In addition, total phenolic, total flavonoid content, antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC) and antiprozoal activity were tested. Artemisia copa showed good inhibitory activity against AChE and BChE (3.92 ± 0.08 µg/ml and 44.13 ± 0.10 µg/ml). The infusion displayed a total phenolics content of 155.6 ± 2.9 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g and total flavonoid content of 5.5 ± 0.2 mg quercetin equivalents/g. Additionally, trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi was found (LD50 of 131.8 µg/ml). Forty-seven metabolites were detected in the infusion of A. copa including several phenolic acids and flavonoids which were rapidly identified using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis (UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS) for chemical profiling. The major compounds identified in the infusions were studied by molecular docking against AChE and BChE. The UHPLC-MS fingerprints generated can be also used for the authentication of these endemic species. These findings reveal that A. copa infusions can be used as beverages with protective effects.

UHPLC-MS Chemical Fingerprinting and Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, and Enzyme Inhibition Potential of Gaultheria pumila Berries

“…The results are summarized in Table 2 . To determine the antioxidant activity of a sample, it is important to combine several antioxidant experiments (e.g., DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC, among others) as these provide useful information on the interaction between radicals and samples, and also provide complementary information on reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 23 , 58 ]. The results of TP, TF, TA, and the antioxidant activity were compared with previously published data related to G. phillyreifolia , G. poeppigii [ 11 ], G. shallon [ 59 ], and G. erecta [ 60 ] berries.…”

“…The standards and lyophilized decoction dissolved in methanol were kept at 10 °C during its storage in the autosampler. The HESI II and Orbitrap spectrometer parameters were optimized as previously reported [ 23 ]. Briefly, the parameters are as follows: sheath gas flow rate, 75 units; auxiliary gas unit flow rate, 20; capillary temperature, 400 °C; auxiliary gas heater temperature, 500 °C; spray voltage, 2500 V (for ESI−); and S lens, RF level 30.…”

“…Using a Synergy HTX microplate reader, the potential bleaching of the radical DPPH was determined using 150 µL of DPPH solution (0.075 mM) and 50 µL of extract or the standard gallic acid (curve from 10–250 μg/mL). The determinations were made in triplicates by monitoring the disappearance of DPPH at 515 nm after 30 min of reaction [ 22 , 23 ]. The results are expressed as IC 50 in µg of the extract or standard per mL.…”

“…Inhibition of AChE activity was determined according to the Ellman method as previously reported [ 23 ]. Briefly, DTNB was dissolved in buffer Tris-HCl at pH 8.0 containing 0.1 M NaCl and 0.02 M MgCl 2 .…”

Identification of Polyphenolics from Loranthus globosus as Potential Inhibitors of Cholinesterase and Oxidative Stress for Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment

“…LC/MS is an important technique for qualitative analysis of the phytochemicals in the extract. To identify the polyphenolic compounds that are contributing to the bioactivity, the EAF-PP was analyzed by LC-MS and the compounds' profile has been shown in Table 3 [ 24 , 43 – 53 ]. Thirty-six compounds were tentatively assigned on the basis of m / z comprising of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins.…”