Chemical profiles of PM emitted from the iron and steel industry in northern China

Abstract

11Source-level sampling methods were adopted in this study to sample six iron and 12 steel plants referring four main manufacturing processes, with over 150 samples 13 collected and measured in this study, the latest data for iron and steel industry in 14 China has been demonstrated. The emission factors of CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , NO x , TSP, 15 PM 2.5 and PM 10 were calculated, and the majority of pollutants were emitted from the 16 sintering process. The virtual impactor divided the PM sample into three size fractions 17 for chemical profiles and the profiles indicate that SO 4 2-, NH 4 + and OC distribute 18 more into fine particles. The elements in PM from the sintering, pelletizing, puddling 19 * Tel./and steelmaking processes were measured and compared using the coefficient of 20 divergence. The divergence between PM 2.5 and PM 10 for the same process is not 21 obvious, with CD values ranging from 0.1697 to 0.2578. PM 2.5 profiles of four 22 process were notably different from one another, with CD values ranging from 0.4802 61 quite different because of the different industrial processes and manufacturing regions; 62 SO 4 2-, Cl -, K, OC and Ca are the main contributors at the sintering plant, while Fe and 63 Zn dominate PM 2.5 emissions from the smelting furnace plant (Amodio et al. 2013, 64 Zheng et al. 2013). These significant discrepancies in chemical species are closely 65 linked to many factors, meaning that the chemical profiles of the iron and steel 66 industry are far from completion.67 So far the published profiles of iron and steel plants in China are from 2009 to 68 2015, almost all the samples were collected after de-dusting facilities, only one profile 69 in Shanghai (Zheng et al. 2013) takes the desulfurization into consideration. Sintering 70 is the main pollutants emission source in iron and steel plants, the national emission 71 standard for sintering flue gas (GB 28662-2012) has been published in 2012 and 72 regulated the SO 2 at 200 mg/m 3 since 2015, also the total PM in iron and steel plant 73 has been requested to be under 50 mg/m 3 , so with the establishment of the matching 74 desulfurization and de-dusting facilities, PM profiles emitted from sintering machine 75 to the air need to be updated to reflect the real emission status, this is one important 76 point should be mentioned. 77 Considering the urgency of establishing the latest PM chemical profiles for the 78 iron and steel industry, six iron and steel plants were all chosen with desulfurization 79 and de-dusting facilities, the desulfurization methods include both the wet flue gas 80 desulfurization and the semi-dry flue gas desulfurization, de-dusting methods include 81 the electrostatic precipitator and the bag filter, most of these pollutants control 82 facilities are installed after 2012. The locations of these plants were in Jing-Jin-Ji area 83 of northern China, which possesses a quarter of the national iron and steel production, 84 the steel annual production capacity ranges from 100 to 800 million ton, covering the 85 ty...

Characteristics of the main primary source profiles of particulate matter across China from 1987 to 2017

“…Due to the government's request to stop producing, selling, and using leaded gasoline, the fraction of Pb in vehicle emissions decreased significantly. In 2005, the fraction of Pb in motor vehicle emissions had dropped significantly compared with values from 1985 (Dai et al, 1986;Han et al, 2009). The fraction of Mn also reduced significantly after 2000 (Bi et al, 2007;Han et al, 2009).…”

“…Particles from industrial emissions are mainly collected using the DTSM (53 %). The source profiles of industrial emissions may be influenced by several key factors, such as the raw materials used in different industrial processes, manufacturing processes, the sampling method used, sample site variability, the control measures taken by different factories, and different operating conditions (Watson and Chow, 2001;Kong et al, 2011;Pant and Harrison, 2012;Guo et al, 2017). There are large differences between the source profiles from different industrial sources.…”

“…In 2005, the fraction of Pb in motor vehicle emissions had dropped significantly compared with values from 1985 (Dai et al, 1986;Han et al, 2009). The fraction of Mn also reduced significantly after 2000 (Bi et al, 2007;Han et al, 2009). Similarly, the fraction of SO 2− 4 in vehicle emissions has shown a significant decreasing trend since 2000, indicating a causal relationship with the reduction of sulfur in gasoline for automotive use in China.…”

“…4 in PM emitted from vehicles. Data were collated from the Nankai University source library, Dai et al (1986), Zhang et al (2000), Bi et al (2007), Han et al (2009), Zhang et al (2009a), Guo et al (2013), and Li et al (2016).…”

“…Source profile studies were initially implemented in China in the 1980s (Dai et al, 1987a, b). Over the past 3 decades, hundreds of source profiles have been compiled across the country (Zhao et al, 2006(Zhao et al, , 2007a(Zhao et al, , b, 2015aBi et al, 2007;Kong et al, 2011Kong et al, , 2014Qi et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2015;Pei et al, 2016;Tian et al, 2017;Guo et al, 2017). These profiles cover more than 40 cities and several source types.…”