Chemical Modification of Wood by Acetylation or Furfurylation: A Review of the Present Scaled-up Technologies

Mantanis, George I.

doi:10.15376/biores.12.2.mantanis

Cited by 117 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Since then, several other catalysts, including sodium acetate, potassium acid, urea-ammonium sulphate, have been tested both with liquid and vapour systems (Rowell 1983, Hill 2006. Most acetylation reactions today are realised without the use of a catalyst (Larsson-Brelid 2013, Rowell 2016, Mantanis 2017.…”

Section: Acetylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…About 40,000 m 3 acetylated wood was produced by the company Accsys in the year 2016, and the company plans to raise its present capacity to ca. 60,000 m 3 in 2018 (Mantanis 2017). The main uses of Accoya wood include: exterior windows and doors, decking, cladding, and other civil construction applications (Rowell 2016).…”

Section: Acetylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a limitation is that only radiata pine (Pinus radiata) and alder (Alnus spp.) are currently used in the process (Mantanis 2017), and there is a need to widen the number of wood species that can be utilised.…”

Section: Wood Modification Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is produced from Scots pine wood. Nowadays, the company Kebony AS has an annual production of approximately 22,000 m 3 (2016), and it is increasing its production capacity by building additional facilities in Belgium (Mantanis 2017).…”

Section: Furfurylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wood modification technologies - a review

Sandberg¹,

Kutnar²,

Mantanis³

2017

iForest

340

197

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The market for new durable products of modified wood has increased substantially during the last few years, especially in Europe. This increased interest depends partly on the restricted use of toxic preservatives due to increased environmental concern, as well as the need for reduced maintenance for wood products that are mainly for exterior use. Furthermore, as sustainability becomes a greater concern, the environmental impact of construction and interior materials should be included in planning by considering the entire life cycle and embodied energy of the materials used. As a result, wood modification has been implemented to improve the intrinsic properties of wood, widen the range of sawn timber applications, and acquire the form and functionality desired by engineers, without bringing environmental friendliness into question. The different wood modification processes are at various stages of development, and the challenges that must be overcome to expand to industrial applications differ amongst them. In this paper, three groups of wood modification processes are discussed and exemplified with modified wood products that have been newly introduced to the market: (i) chemical processing (acetylation, furfurylation, resin impregnation etc.); (ii) thermo-hydro processing (thermal treatment); and (iii) thermo-hydro-mechanical processing (surface densification). Building on these examples, the paper will discuss the environmental impact assessment of modification processes and further development needs.

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Section: Acetylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Acetylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Wood Modification Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Furfurylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Wood modification technologies - a review

Sandberg¹,

Kutnar²,

Mantanis³

2017

iForest

340

197

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The wood modification industry is currently undergoing major developments, driven in part by environmental concerns regarding the use of wood treated with certain classes of preservatives [7; 8]. Wood modification technologies: thermal modification [9; 10], acetylation, and furfurylation [11] have been introduced in the market.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood modification with furfuryl alcohol and furfurylated wood durability in water

Morozovs

Ķeķe

Fisere

et al. 2018

Engineering for Rural Development

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Abstract. Wood is renewable stock that is used for shield, heating and defence since the times men emerged. Wood product dimensional alterations are a serious drawback in the wood practical applications. These alterations are caused by atmospheric moisture absorbance into wood and water interaction with hemicelluloses and cellulose amorphous part hydroxyl groups to entail wood swelling or shrinking in the case of wood drying that leads to wood products cracking and properties loss. It is assumed that the accessible to water hydroxyl group's hydrogen atom substitution with more voluminous and less polar organic radical arouse wood permanent swelling or hydroxyl group shielding. Modified wood has less water absorption and diminished water equilibrium content (EMC) that is considered as the main reason of biological resistance improvement. Wood furfurylation with furfuryl alcohol (FA) catalysed with maleic anhydride (MA) is one of the wood modification approaches. Wood dimensional stability and biological resistance to decay increase by modification with furfuryl alcohol FA is assumed as a result of FA polymers grafting to cell wall polymers. Sufficient amount of FA must be infused into wood cell walls, but FA diffusion into the wood cell wall might be hampered by formation of more voluminous π-complex between MA and FA that favour useless polymerisation in wood voids and increased FA and MA consumption. The objective of the given research was to attain maximal modification of the wood cell wall by saturation with FA and subsequent its polymerization by catalysis with formic acid vapour. Assessment of furfurylated and reference wood specimens durability in hot water -freezing -drying treatment was tested by the cyclic hydrothermal treatment (CHT) test. Wood furfurylation decreased water absorption by 80 % and swelling by 40 % during CHT in comparison with untreated wood.

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Beyond What Meets the Eye: Imaging and Imagining Wood Mechanical–Structural Properties

2020

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Wood presents a hierarchical structure, containing features at all length scales: from the tracheids or vessels that make up its cellular structure, through to the microfibrils within the cell walls, down to the molecular architecture of the cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses that comprise its chemical makeup. This structure renders it with high mechanical (e.g., modulus and strength) and interesting physical (e.g., optical) properties. A better understanding of this structure, and how it plays a role in governing mechanical and other physical parameters, will help to better exploit this sustainable resource. Here, recent developments on the use of advanced imaging techniques for studying the structural properties of wood in relation to its mechanical properties are explored. The focus is on synchrotron nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray tomographical imaging, Raman and infrared spectroscopies, confocal microscopy, electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Critical discussion on the role of imaging techniques and how fields are developing rapidly to incorporate both spatial and temporal ranges of analysis is presented.

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Chemical Modification of Wood by Acetylation or Furfurylation: A Review of the Present Scaled-up Technologies

Cited by 117 publications

References 25 publications

Wood modification technologies - a review

Wood modification technologies - a review

Wood modification with furfuryl alcohol and furfurylated wood durability in water

Beyond What Meets the Eye: Imaging and Imagining Wood Mechanical–Structural Properties

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