Wood modification technologies - a review

Sandberg, Dick; Kutnar, Andreja; Mantanis, George I.

doi:10.3832/ifor2380-010

Cited by 307 publications

(191 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Many methods have been used to retain desirable wood properties, but wood modification is the most effective. Various types of wood modification are possible, for example, thermal, resin impregnation, surface modification, and chemical modification . Out of many chemical modifications of wood, acetylation with acetic anhydride has the greatest potential of enhancing wood properties …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic Interrogation of the Acetylation Selectivity of Hardwood Biopolymers

et al. 2019

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Acetylation of wood is an age-old chemical platform known to improve its chemical and physical properties in direct correlation with the degree of acetylation. However, as of yet, no systematic study has been undertaken to probe the selectivity of acetylation of wood. A fundamental understanding of the molecular basis for acetylation of the constituent biopolymers, viz., holocellulose, and lignin for tropical hardwood, an emerging building material, is therefore undertaken. Wood samples are treated with acetic anhydride at 120°C over a wide range of time periods. The degrees of acetylation and acetyl content of the tropical hardwood are measured to reveal that the acetyl content in which the hydroxyl groups of wood correspond to an increment in weight percent gain as confirmed by FT-IR for individual wood biopolymers and whole wood. However, surprisingly, 31 P-NMR establishes the order of reactivity for the hydroxyl groups as lignin > hemicelluloses > whole wood in direct opposition to their proportions in wood, but in correlation to their direct accessibilities and reactivities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic Interrogation of the Acetylation Selectivity of Hardwood Biopolymers

et al. 2019

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“…Being renewable and environmentally friendly, having superior physical strength as well as being aesthetically pleasing, wood has been widely used in mankind s daily lives in various applications, including construction, indoor decoration, furniture, and flooring [1]. One of the major disadvantages of untreated wood is hydrophilicity as a result of abundant hydroxyl groups in whole mass.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simple and Efficient Method to Fabricate Superhydrophobic Wood with Enhanced Mechanical Durability

Han

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2019

Forests

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The poor durability and complex production process are two tough challenges for the practical application of superhydrophobic wood. In this work, high-mechanical-resistance superhydrophobic wood was fabricated by a one-step hydrothermal vacuum dipping method using SiO 2 nanoparticles (SiO 2 NPs) in combination with vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES). The as-prepared superhydrophobic surfaces exhibited water contact angles (CAs) greater than 152 • and water sliding angles (SAs) less than 3 • . It also exhibited robust stability and durability in harsh conditions, including finger wiping, water brushing, intense sandpaper abrasion, and severe ultrasonic cleaning. The superhydrophobic surface was created by the random distribution of oligomer-wrapped SiO 2 NP spheres having different sizes. Further testing showed that the SiO 2 NPs were firmly fixed on the wood substrate via chemical bonding, which contributed to the high wear resistance. The modification method developed in this work provides a simple and efficient route to fabricate large-scale, mechanically stable, and durable superhydrophobic surfaces for advanced engineering materials.

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“…Currently the processes underlying available wood modification products can be classified as chemical processing (acetylation, furfurylation, resin impregnation etc. ), thermo-hydro processing (thermal treatment) and thermo-hydro-mechanical processing (surface densification) (2). The different wood modification processes are at various stages of development, and the most established processes on the marked include thermal treatment, acetylation and furfurylation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The commercial wood modification process furfurylation, use furfuryl alcohol which is manufactured industrially by catalytic reduction of furfural obtained from agricultural waste such as sugar cane bagasse or corn cobs (4). It involves a wood impregnation step with furfuryl alcohol and catalysts, followed by a curing step where the furfuryl alcohol is polymerized within the wood cell walls (2, 4). This is a complex chemical reaction and there is still some discussion whether the furfurylation process only bulks the wood cell wall or if it also causes chemical modifications of the native wood cell wall polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wood modification by furfuryl alcohol caused delayed decomposition response inRhodonia (Postia) placenta

Skrede

Solbakken

Hess

et al. 2018

Preprint

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The aim of this study was to investigate differential expression profiles of the brown rot fungusRhodonia placenta(previouslyPostia placenta) harvested at several time points when grown onPinus radiata(radiata pine) andP. radiatawith three different levels of modification by furfuryl alcohol, an environmentally benign commercial wood protection system. For the first time the entire gene expression pattern of a decay fungus is followed in untreated and modified wood from initial to advanced stages of decay. Results support the current model of a two-step decay mechanism, with an initial oxidative depolymerization followed by hydrolysis of cell-wall polysaccharides. The wood decay process is finished, and the fungus goes into starvation mode after five weeks when grown on unmodifiedP. radiatawood. The pattern of repression of oxidative processes and oxalate synthesis found inP. radiataat later stages of decay is not mirrored for the high furfurylation treatment. The high treatment level provided a more unpredictable expression pattern throughout the entire incubation period. Furfurylation does not seem to directly influence the expression of core plant cell wall hydrolyzing enzymes, as a delayed and prolonged, but similar pattern was observed in theP. radiataand the modified experiments. This indicates that the fungus starts a common decay process in the modified wood, but proceeds at a slower pace as access to the plant cell wall polysaccharides is restricted. This is further supported by the downregulation of hydrolytic enzymes for the high treatment level at the last harvest point (mass loss 14%). Moreover, the mass loss does not increase the last weeks. Collectively, this indicates a potential threshold for lower mass loss for highly modified wood.IMPORTANCEFungi are important decomposers of woody biomass in natural habitats. Investigation of the mechanisms employed by decay fungi in their attempt to degrade wood is important for both the basic scientific understanding of ecology and carbon cycling in nature, and for applied uses of woody materials. For wooden building materials long service life and carbon storage is essential, but decay fungi are responsible for massive losses of wood in service. Thus, optimizing durable wood products for the future are of major importance. In this study we have investigated the fungal genetic response to furfurylated wood, a commercial environmentally benign wood modification approach, that improves service life of wood in outdoor applications. Our results show that there is a delayed wood decay by the fungus as a response to furfurylated wood and new knowledge about the mechanisms behind the delay is provided.

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Wood modification technologies - a review

Cited by 307 publications

References 52 publications

Spectroscopic Interrogation of the Acetylation Selectivity of Hardwood Biopolymers

Spectroscopic Interrogation of the Acetylation Selectivity of Hardwood Biopolymers

A Simple and Efficient Method to Fabricate Superhydrophobic Wood with Enhanced Mechanical Durability

Wood modification by furfuryl alcohol caused delayed decomposition response inRhodonia (Postia) placenta

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