Chemical modification and plasma-induced grafting of pyrolitic lignin. Evaluation of the reinforcing effect on lignin/poly( l -lactide) composites

Dick, Teo Atz; Couve, Joël; Gimello, Olinda; Mas, André; Robin, Jean‐Jacques

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2017.04.036

Cited by 27 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…In the spectra for LEBA15, the band corresponding of the –OH groups from the lignin not be solved, the intensity decreases because these groups probably react with short chains of monomers, causing the formation of the composite. The formation of bonds in the alcoholic and phenolic groups of lignin has already been reported by Dick et al [54] in their work about chemical modification and grafting induced by lignin plasma in polyacid lactic acid. In this sense, Fuxiang et al, in various research works, shows that the decrease in the intensity of the band of –OH groups of lignin is the main mechanism of interaction for the incorporation of this with the polymer matrix of interest [29,55]; in this same sense, in this research, a decrease in the intensity of band of the –OH groups of lignin was observed and it is associated with its possible interaction with the acrylate groups of the copolymer (Scheme 1) for the formation of the composites, which is demonstrated by the decrease in the intensity of the band between 1740–1710 cm −1 typical of the acrylate for the LEBA15 composite (Figure 3).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

Synthesis and Characterization of a Lignin-Styrene-Butyl Acrylate Based Composite

et al. 2019

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In recent years, the pursuit of new polymer materials based on renewable raw materials has been intensified with the aim of reusing waste materials in sustainable processes. The synthesis of a lignin, styrene, and butyl acrylate based composite was carried out by a mass polymerization process. A series of four composites were prepared by varying the amount of lignin in 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% keeping the content of butyl acrylate constant (14 wt.%). FTIR and SEM revealed that the –OH functional groups of lignin reacted with styrene, which was observed by the incorporation of lignin in the copolymer. Additionally, DSC analysis showed that the increment in lignin loading in the composite had a positive influence on thermal stability. Likewise, Shore D hardness assays exhibited an increase from 25 to 69 when 5 and 20 wt.% lignin was used respectively. In this same sense, the contact angle (water) measurement showed that the LEBA15 and LEBA20 composites presented hydrophobic properties (whit contact angle above 90°) despite having the highest amount of lignin, demonstrating that the interaction of the polymer chains with the –OH groups of lignin was the main mechanism in the composites interaction.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

Synthesis and Characterization of a Lignin-Styrene-Butyl Acrylate Based Composite

et al. 2019

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“…After graft copolymerization with L‐lactide, the signal at 4.0 ppm disappears, which is due to the reaction of the newly generated aliphatic hydroxyl group with L‐lactide, 29 and the signal at 1.5–1.0 ppm does not disappear and is shifted with the grafting of L‐lactide. The appearance of the signal at 1.5 ppm is attributed to the hydrogen atoms of methyl in the lactide monomer unit of the PLA grafted chains 23 . Peak integrations were then used in Equation to calculate M n of the PLA chain (Figure 2c).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the researchers graft polymerization of lactide onto modified lignins, catalyzed by triazabicyclodecene, gave lignin‐PLA materials with enhanced UV absorption and reduced brittleness 22 . After plasma‐induced grafting of a pyrolysis‐derived lignin with polylactide chains, Dick et al 23 found that compared with lignin and lignin‐g‐PLA copolymer, the modification of the lignin particles with the plasma treatment provided the best reinforcement of lignin‐PLA composites. Alternatively, Kai et al 24 prepared different alkylated lignin‐g‐PLA copolymers by an addition of dodecane to the lignin and then ring‐opening polymerization to obtain lignin‐PLA electrospun nanofibers with good antioxidant activity and biocompatibility, however, the incorporation of lignin‐g‐PLA copolymers did not enhance the mechanical properties of the nanofibrous composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of an oxyalkylated lignin‐g‐polylactic acid copolymer to improve the compatibility of an organosolv lignin in blended poly(lactic acid) films

Eberhardt

Pan

2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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To improve the compatibility of an organosolv lignin (OL) in polylactic acid (PLA) blends, a green approach was pursued whereby the lignin was modified with propylene carbonate (PC) to increase its aliphatic hydroxyl content, and thereby, its reactivity. The oxyalkylated organosolv lignin (OOL, synthesized at 170°C) was analyzed by quantitative 31P NMR and showed the number of phenolic hydroxyls decreased from 4.73 to 0.16 mmol·g−1, and the number of aliphatic hydroxyls increased from 3.56 to 3.92 mmol·g−1. OOL‐g‐PLA copolymer (OOLPC) samples were prepared by graft polymerization of L‐lactide with the OOL and showed the molecular weights (Mn) to range from 12,343 to 16,834 Da, increasing with the lignin loading of the copolymer. Scanning electron microscope indicated that the graft copolymerization reaction between L‐lactide and the OOL afforded a copolymer that was compatible with PLA. The highest increase in elongation at break was 7.43% for the PLA blend films prepared with the OOLPC having a 5.0% loading of OOL; the tensile strength at this level of lignin loading was 12.03% lower. Introducing an OL into the blend films showed excellent ultraviolet absorption ability and thus the OOLPC could be used as a well‐dispersed UV‐blocking agent for biocompatible packaging materials.

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“…The "graft from" method, in which the lignin macromolecules serve as a core unit and new polymer chains grow on the initiating sites, is considered as a cost-effective way to produce lignin-based copolymers at industrial scale [43]. The grafted polymers containing new functional groups expand the utilization of lignin further in biomedical nanofibers, thermoplastics and additives such as dispersants, flocculants and surfactants (Table 1) [44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. Recently, nanofibers of lignin-based copolymers were fabricated by electrospinning for exploring the biomedical applications of lignin [45][46][47].…”

Section: Lignin-based Copolymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Application of Functionalized Lignin in Value-Added Polymeric Materials

Wang

Meng

et al. 2020

Polymers

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The quest for converting lignin into high-value products has been continuously pursued in the past few decades. In its native form, lignin is a group of heterogeneous polymers comprised of phenylpropanoids. The major commercial lignin streams, including Kraft lignin, lignosulfonates, soda lignin and organosolv lignin, are produced from industrial processes including the paper and pulping industry and emerging lignocellulosic biorefineries. Although lignin has been viewed as a low-cost and renewable feedstock to replace petroleum-based materials, its utilization in polymeric materials has been suppressed due to the low reactivity and inherent physicochemical properties of lignin. Hence, various lignin modification strategies have been developed to overcome these problems. Herein, we review recent progress made in the utilization of functionalized lignins in commodity polymers including thermoset resins, blends/composites, grafted functionalized copolymers and carbon fiber precursors. In the synthesis of thermoset resins such as polyurethane, phenol-formaldehyde and epoxy, they are covalently incorporated into the polymer matrix, and the discussion is focused on chemical modifications improving the reactivity of technical lignins. In blends/composites, functionalization of technical lignins is based upon tuning the intermolecular forces between polymer components. In addition, grafted functional polymers have expanded the utilization of lignin-based copolymers to biomedical materials and value-added additives. Different modification approaches have also been applied to facilitate the application of lignin as carbon fiber precursors, heavy metal adsorbents and nanoparticles. These emerging fields will create new opportunities in cost-effectively integrating the lignin valorization into lignocellulosic biorefineries.

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Chemical modification and plasma-induced grafting of pyrolitic lignin. Evaluation of the reinforcing effect on lignin/poly( l -lactide) composites

Cited by 27 publications

References 57 publications

Synthesis and Characterization of a Lignin-Styrene-Butyl Acrylate Based Composite

Synthesis and Characterization of a Lignin-Styrene-Butyl Acrylate Based Composite

Preparation of an oxyalkylated lignin‐g‐polylactic acid copolymer to improve the compatibility of an organosolv lignin in blended poly(lactic acid) films

Recent Advances in the Application of Functionalized Lignin in Value-Added Polymeric Materials

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