Chemical Microanalysis: Analysis of Capillary and Venous Blood

Kaplan, Saul; Yuceoglu, A. M.; Strauss, John L

doi:10.1542/peds.24.2.270

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Comparative studies on nutrient levels in capillary and venous blood have mainly addressed macronutrients like glucose and protein, both of which are 3-10% lower in the venous compared to capillary circulation. A few old reports have addressed mineral micronutrient levels from different blood draw sites, including calcium, potassium, and sodium, but found some differences between capillary versus venous circulation [42][43][44]. We have found no modern reports that follow up on these studies, which might benefit from the use of more precise methods and sensitive technology.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 88%

Pre-analytical variables influence zinc measurement in blood samples

Killilea,

Schultz

2023

PLoS ONE

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Zinc deficiency continues to be a major concern for global public health. The zinc status of a target population is typically estimated by measuring circulating zinc levels, but the sampling procedures are not standardized and thus may result in analytical discrepancies. To examine this, we designed a study that controlled most of the technical parameters in order to focus on five pre-analytical variables reported to influence the measurement of zinc in blood samples, including (1) blood draw site (capillary or venous), (2) blood sample matrix (plasma or serum), (3) blood collection tube manufacturer (Becton, Dickinson and Company or Sarstedt AG & Co), (4) blood processing time (0, 4, or 24 hours), and (5) blood holding temperatures (4°C, 20°C, or 37°C). A diverse cohort of 60 healthy adults were recruited to provide sequential capillary and venous blood samples, which were carefully processed under a single chain of custody and measured for zinc content using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. When comparing blood draw sites, the mean zinc content of capillary samples was 0.054 mg/L (8%; p<0.0001) higher than venous blood from the same donors. When comparing blood sample matrices, the mean zinc content of serum samples was 0.029 mg/L (5%; p<0.0001) higher than plasma samples from the same donors. When comparing blood collection tube manufacturer, the mean zinc content from venous blood samples did not differ between venders, but the mean zinc content from BD capillary plasma was 0.036 mg/L (6%; p<0.0001) higher than Sarstedt capillary plasma from the same donors. When comparing processing times, the mean zinc content of plasma and serum samples was 5–12% higher (p<0.0001) in samples processed 4–24 hour after collection. When comparing holding temperatures, the mean zinc content of plasma and serum samples was 0.5–7% higher (p = 0.0007 or p = 0.0061, respectively) in samples temporarily held at 20°C or 37°C after collection. Thus even with the same donors and blood draws, significant differences in zinc content were observed with different draw sites, tube types, and processing procedures, demonstrating that key pre-analytic variables can have an impact on zinc measurement, and subsequent classification of zinc status. Minimizing these pre-analytical variables is important for generating best practice guidelines for assessment of zinc status.

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Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 88%

Pre-analytical variables influence zinc measurement in blood samples

Killilea,

Schultz

2023

PLoS ONE

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“…Only a few reports have addressed micronutrient levels from different blood draw sites. For example, Kaplan and colleagues measured circulating calcium, potassium, and sodium, but found no statistical difference in capillary versus venous levels [Kaplan et al 1959]. In contrast, Kupke and colleagues found circulating calcium and sodium levels to be lower in capillary blood, but potassium was not different [Kupke et al 1981].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-analytical variables influence zinc measurement in blood samples

Killilea

Schultz

2023

Preprint

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Zinc deficiency continues to be a major concern for global public health. The zinc status of a target population is typically estimated by measuring circulating zinc levels, but the sampling procedures are not standardized and thus may result in analytical discrepancies. To examine this, we designed a study that controlled most of the technical parameters in order to focus on five pre-analytical variables reported to influence the measurement of zinc in blood samples, including (1) blood draw site (capillary or venous), (2) blood sample matrix (plasma or serum), (3) blood collection tube manufacturer (Becton, Dickinson and Company or Sarstedt AG & Co), (4) blood processing time (0, 4, or 24 hours), and (5) blood holding temperatures (4C, 20C, or 37C). A diverse cohort of 60 healthy adults were recruited to provide sequential capillary and venous blood samples, which were carefully processed under a single chain of custody and measured for zinc content using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. When comparing blood draw sites, the mean zinc content of capillary samples was 0.051 mg/L (8%) higher than venous blood from the same donors. When comparing blood sample matrices, the mean zinc content of serum samples was 0.034 mg/L (5%) higher than plasma samples from the same donors. When comparing blood collection tube manufacturer, the mean zinc content from venous blood samples did not differ between venders, but the mean zinc content from BD capillary plasma was 0.036 mg/L (6%) higher than Sarstedt capillary plasma from the same donors. When comparing processing times, the mean zinc content of plasma and serum samples was 5-12% higher in samples processed 4-24 hour after collection. When comparing holding temperatures, the mean zinc content of plasma and serum samples was 0.5-7% higher in samples temporarily held at 20C or 37C after collection. Thus even with the same donors and blood draws, significant differences in zinc content were observed with different draw sites, tube types, and processing procedures, demonstrating that key pre-analytic variables can have an impact on zinc measurement, and subsequent classification of zinc status. Minimizing these pre-analytical variables is important for generating best practice guidelines for assessment of zinc status.

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“…The shift to fingerstick sampling and use of POC devices has not been without criticism. Fingerstick sampling draws capillary, not venous, blood, and studies have shown that the levels of blood components and biomarkers in capillary blood may differ from the levels in the venous circulation [Kaplan 1959; Falch 1981; Kupke 1981]. Many, although not all, of these studies have reported that Hb levels from capillary blood are elevated compared to venous blood [Neufeld 2019; Whitehead 2019].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Draw Site and Analytic Device Influence Hemoglobin Measurements

Killilea

Kuypers

Larkin

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Anemia is a continuing global public health concern and a priority for international action. The prevalence of anemia is estimated from the hemoglobin (Hb) levels within target populations, yet the procedures for measuring Hb are not standardized and different approaches may result in discrepancies. Several analytical variables have been proposed to influence Hb measurements, but it is difficult to understand the impact on specific variables from large population or field studies. Therefore, we designed a highly controlled protocol that minimized most technical parameters to specifically investigate the impact of blood draw site and analytic device on Hb measurements. A diverse cohort of sixty healthy adults each provided a sequential capillary and venous blood sample that were measured for Hb using an automated hematology analyzer (ADVIA-2120) and two point-of-care devices (HemoCue 201+ and HemoCue 301). Comparing blood draw sites, the mean Hb content was 0.32-0.47 g/dL (2-4%) higher in capillary compared to venous blood from the same donors. Comparing different Hb measuring instruments, the mean Hb content was 0.19-0.46 g/dL (1-4%) higher measured with HemoCue devices compared to ADVIA-2120 in both capillary and venous blood from the same donors. The maximum variance in measurement was also higher with HemoCue devices using blood from venous (5-6% CV) and capillary (21-25% CV) sites compared to ADVIA-2120 (0.6-2% CV). Other variables including blood collection tube manufacturer did not affect mean Hb content. These results demonstrate that even when most technical variables are minimized, the blood draw site and the analytical device can have a small but statistically significant effect on the mean and dispersion of Hb measurements. Even in this study, the few participants identified as mildly anemic using venous blood measured by ADVIA-2120 would not have been classified as anemic using their capillary blood samples or point-of-care analyzers. Thus, caution is warranted when comparing Hb values between studies having differences in blood draw site and Hb measuring device. Future anemia testing should maintain consistency in these analytical variables.

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Chemical Microanalysis: Analysis of Capillary and Venous Blood

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Pre-analytical variables influence zinc measurement in blood samples

Pre-analytical variables influence zinc measurement in blood samples

Pre-analytical variables influence zinc measurement in blood samples

Blood Draw Site and Analytic Device Influence Hemoglobin Measurements

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