Chemical mediation of interactions among marine organisms

Paul, Valerie J.; Puglisi, Melany P.

doi:10.1039/b302334f

Cited by 187 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 281 publications

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“…While both organic and inorganic chemicals may play a role in ascidian chemical defenses, many appear to be secondary metabolites. A wide variety of natural products have now been isolated from ascidians, primarily from tropical and temperate latitudes (Pawlik 1993, Faulkner 2002, Paul & Puglisi 2004, Paul et al 2006, Paul & Ritson-Williams 2008. Only a small subset of ascidians with known secondary metabolites has been subjected to ecological studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Palatability and chemical anti-predatory defenses in common ascidians from the Antarctic Peninsula

Koplovitz

McClintock²,

Amsler³

et al. 2009

Aquat. Biol.

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Palatability of outer tissues of a suite (12 species) of Antarctic ascidians was evaluated using omnivorous fish and sea star predators. Tissues of 100% of those tested were unpalatable to fish, while 58% were unpalatable to sea stars. Lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts of 11 species were incorporated into pellets and tested in fish and sea star bioassays. Only the lipophilic extract from Distaplia colligans caused fish feeding deterrence. Organic extracts from 10 ascidian species were also examined in food pellet assays using an omnivorous amphipod. Only the lipophilic extract of D. cylindrica was a deterrent. Five of the ascidians possessed acidified outer tunics (pH < 3). We tested the ability of acidified krill pellets (pH 2 to 7) to deter fish and sea star predators and found that, while fish readily ingested acidified food pellets (pH 2), sea stars were deterred at pH 5 or less. Thus either organic or inorganic chemical defenses explain defense in 5 of the 7 ascidian species found unpalatable to sea stars. In contrast, chemical defenses only explain 1 of 12 species found unpalatable to fish, and only 1 of 10 ascidians tested against an amphipod predator. This predator-specific pattern of chemical defense may reflect greater predation pressure on ascidians from Antarctic sea stars. Alternatively, Antarctic ascidians may rely on other factors such as the toughness of their tunic or sequestration of heavy metals such as vanadium to inhibit feeding by Antarctic fish, a taxonomic group known to lack strong jaws.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Palatability and chemical anti-predatory defenses in common ascidians from the Antarctic Peninsula

Koplovitz

McClintock²,

Amsler³

et al. 2009

Aquat. Biol.

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“…The high concentration of allelochemicals in gorgonian corals [27,[37][38][39][40], coupled with the findings that digestive glands of C. gibbosum contain high levels of GST activity [9], prompted an investigation to identify and biochemically characterize those GST enzymes possibly responsible for detoxifying gorgonian allelochemicals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteomic identification, cDNA cloning and enzymatic activity of glutathione S-transferases from the generalist marine gastropod, Cyphoma gibbosum

Whalen¹,

Morin²,

Lin³

et al. 2008

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics

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Short title: Characterization of glutathione S-transferases from Cyphoma gibbosumFootnote: The nucleotide and translated amino acid sequences for C. gibbosum GSTs have been deposited in GenBank with the following accession nos. EU008563 (CgGSTM1) and EU008562 (CgGSTM2).Abbreviations footnote: CDNB, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene; GST, glutathione S-transferase; nrDB, non-redundant database; RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA ends; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction 2 ABSTRACT Glutathione S-transferases (GST) were characterized from the digestive gland of Cyphoma gibbosum (Mollusca; Gastropoda), to investigate the possible role of these detoxification enzymes in conferring resistance to allelochemicals present in its gorgonian coral diet. We identified the collection of expressed cytosolic Cyphoma GST classes using a proteomic approach involving affinity chromatography, HPLC and nanospray liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Two major GST subunits were identified as putative mu-class GSTs; while one minor GST subunit was identified as a putative theta-class GST, apparently the first theta-class GST identified from a mollusc. Two Cyphoma GST cDNAs (CgGSTM1 and CgGSTM2) were isolated by RT-PCR using primers derived from peptide sequences. Phylogenetic analyses established both cDNAs as mu-class GSTs and revealed a mollusc-specific subclass of the GST-mu clade. These results provide new insights into metazoan GST diversity and the biochemical mechanisms used by marine organisms to cope with their chemically defended prey.

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“…Many of these compounds have been discovered through prospecting for natural products with biomedical applications, particularly in soft-bodied anthozoans (e.g., zoanthids, gorgonians and alycyonaceans). These animals are benthic as adults and lack the physical defense of a mineralized skeleton, so secondary metabolites often serve as chemical defenses against predation, fouling, or infection (Paul et al, 2007;Paul and Puglisi, 2004). While some metabolites have been experimentally demonstrated to play a defensive role, the functions of others are unknown, and some compounds are likely to be physiologically important within the animals.…”

Section: Steroid Metabolism In Cnidariansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steroid metabolism in cnidarians: Insights from Nematostella vectensis

Tarrant

Reitzel

Blomquist

et al. 2009

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

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Cnidarians occupy a key evolutionary position as a sister group to bilaterian animals. While cnidarians contain a diverse complement of steroids, sterols, and other lipid metabolites, relatively little is known of the endogenous steroid metabolism or function in cnidarian tissues. Incubations of cnidarian tissues with steroid substrates have indicated the presence of steroid metabolizing enzymes, particularly enzymes with 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) activity. Through analysis of the genome of the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, we identified a suite of genes in the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily including homologs of genes that metabolize steroids in other animals. A more detailed analysis of Hsd17b4 revealed complex evolutionary relationships, apparent intron loss in several taxa, and predominantly adult expression in N. vectensis. Due to its ease of culture and available molecular tools N. vectensis is an excellent model for investigation of cnidarian steroid metabolism and gene function. KeywordsEvolution, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, short chain dehydrogenase/reductase Abbreviations CYP HSD AKR 3

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Chemical mediation of interactions among marine organisms

Abstract: This review covers the recent marine chemical ecology literature for macroalgae, sponges, octocorals and other benthic invertebrates; 332 references are cited.

Cited by 187 publications

References 281 publications

Palatability and chemical anti-predatory defenses in common ascidians from the Antarctic Peninsula

Palatability and chemical anti-predatory defenses in common ascidians from the Antarctic Peninsula

Proteomic identification, cDNA cloning and enzymatic activity of glutathione S-transferases from the generalist marine gastropod, Cyphoma gibbosum

Steroid metabolism in cnidarians: Insights from Nematostella vectensis

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