“…The stratospheric polar vortex in the 2019/2020 Arctic winter was the strongest, most persistent, and most consistently cold on record (e.g., Lawrence et al., 2020). Persistently low temperatures as well as vortex confinement later in spring than usual resulted in record low ozone in the lower stratospheric vortex (lower than that in 2010/2011, the previous record; e.g., Manney et al., 2020; Wohltmann et al., 2020, 2021; Weber et al., 2021). Such an exceptionally strong stratospheric polar vortex was associated with substantial changes in the middle atmospheric circulation extending through the stratosphere and above (e.g., Lawrence et al., 2020; Lukianova et al., 2021; Ma et al., 2022), as well as coupling with the troposphere (e.g., Lawrence et al., 2020; Rupp et al., 2022).…”