Chemical delivery array with millisecond neurotransmitter release

Jönsson, Anna K.; Sjöström, Theresia Arbring; Tybrandt, Klas; Berggren, Magnus; Simon, Daniel T.

doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601340

Cited by 64 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…[1][2][3] These include biosensing, energy storage, neural recording, and stimulation, [4,5] drug delivery, [6] and electroceuticals [7] to name a few. [1][2][3] These include biosensing, energy storage, neural recording, and stimulation, [4,5] drug delivery, [6] and electroceuticals [7] to name a few.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Universal Platform for Fabricating Organic Electrochemical Devices

Duong

Tuchman

Chakthranont

et al. 2018

Adv Elect Materials

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cost-effectively processed at room temperature, and to volumetrically uptake large amounts of electrolytes, OEDs have recently garnered much interest for applications in bioelectronics. [1][2][3] These include biosensing, energy storage, neural recording, and stimulation, [4,5] drug delivery, [6] and electroceuticals [7] to name a few. Out of the many available architectures, a device of choice that has been heavily investigated in recent years is the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). In a typical OECT device, the conductivity of a polymer channel, which is probed by a set of source and drain electrodes, is actively controlled by varying the voltage applied between the channel and a third gate electrode both of which reside in the same electrolyte solution. The choice for gate materials, channel materials, electrolyte solutions, and device dimensions can all be designed to obtain desired device characteristics. Thin photolithographically defined devices, for instance, are favored for high speed (>1 kHz) operation whereas large devices with thick polymer channels are more often chosen for their high transconductance. [8][9][10] In general, OECTs operate at relatively low voltages (<1 V) that are suitable for aqueous environments and biological tissues, and have been successfully used to monitor the integrity of barrier tissues, [11,12] in vitro glucose concentrations [13,14] and in vivo neural activities. [15] In OECTs, ions penetrate the whole polymer film, as facilitated by the swelling processes induced by the solvent. While such process is not strictly necessary, as ionic liquids have been shown to also induce transistor-like behavior in conjugated polymers, [16,17] compared to ionic liquid-gated devices, OECTs provide the opportunity to decouple ionic transport, through swelling caused by the electrolyte solvent, from the ability of the ions to generate mobile charges in the polymer.Despite recent advances in device fabrication and materials development, however, only a select few polymers have been found to stably operate as active OECT channels in aqueous environments. Current state-of-the-art OECTs are fabricated using the highly conductive mixture of poly(3,4ethylenedioythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulphonate) (PEDOT:PSS). [8] While this materials blend exhibits high transconductance and good stability, the details of the chemical composition are often unknown due to the proprietary nature A general method and accompanying guidelines for fabricating both nonaqueous and aqueous based organic electrochemical devices (OECTs) using water-insoluble hydrophobic semiconducting polymers are presented. By taking advantage of the interactions of semiconducting polymers in certain organic solvents and the formation of a stable liquid-liquid interface between such solvents and water, OECTs with high transconductance, ON/OFF ratios of up to 10 6 , and enhancements in stability are successfully fabricated. Additionally, key fundamental properties are extracted of both the device and the active channel ma...

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confidence: 99%

A Universal Platform for Fabricating Organic Electrochemical Devices

Duong

Tuchman

Chakthranont

et al. 2018

Adv Elect Materials

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“…The developed polarization diode shows promising characteristics, with an estimated delivery delay < 5 ms. Further, by decreasing the dimensions of the diode, delivery delays well below 1 ms are predicted. Although only a single delivery outlet is demonstrated in this work, devices with a large number of outlets can be designed by including individually addressable electrodes underneath each diode in line with a previously published structure . Altogether, the presented investigation indicates that ionic polarization diodes fulfill many of the necessary requirements for a fast chemical delivery technology for neural interfacing, thus warranting further in vitro and in vivo studies.…”

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confidence: 74%

Miniaturized Ionic Polarization Diodes for Neurotransmitter Release at Synaptic Speeds

Sjöström

Jönsson

Gabrielsson

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Technologies

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Current neural interfaces rely on electrical stimulation pulses to affect neural tissue. The development of a chemical delivery technology, which can stimulate neural tissue with the body's own set of signaling molecules, would provide a new level of sophistication in neural interfaces. Such technology should ideally provide highly local chemical delivery points that operate at synaptic speed, something that is yet to be accomplished. Here, the development of a miniaturized ionic polarization diode that exhibits many of the desirable properties for a chemical neural interface technology is reported. The ionic diode shows proper diode rectification and the current switches from off to on in 50 µs at physiologically relevant electrolyte concentrations. A device model is developed to explain the characteristics of the ionic diode in more detail. In combination with experimental data, the model predicts that the ionic polarization diode has a delivery delay of 5 ms to reach physiologically relevant neurotransmitter concentrations at subcellular spatial resolution. The model further predicts that delays of <1 ms can be reached by further miniaturization of the diode geometry. Altogether, the results show that ionic polarization diodes are a promising building block for the next generation of chemical neural interfaces.

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“…Subsequent studies can leverage the larger ion transport capabilities afforded by the dendrolyte materials for more detailed investigations of the role that auxin plays during many growth and behavioral process such as cellular morphogenesis, cell elongation and planar polarity, regulation of cytoskeletal organization, vesicular trafficking, and cell wall formation. Further, by coupling dendrolyte materials with other recent advancements in OEIP technology, such as multiple addressing points and rapid on-off speeds (40), it will become possible to create more sophisticated tools to produce complex, electronically controlled hormone concentration gradients with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulating plant physiology with organic electronics

Poxson

Karády

Gabrielsson

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) provides flow-free and accurate delivery of small signaling compounds at high spatiotemporal resolution. To date, the application of OEIPs has been limited to delivery of nonaromatic molecules to mammalian systems, particularly for neuroscience applications. However, many long-standing questions in plant biology remain unanswered due to a lack of technology that precisely delivers plant hormones, based on cyclic alkanes or aromatic structures, to regulate plant physiology. Here, we report the employment of OEIPs for the delivery of the plant hormone auxin to induce differential concentration gradients and modulate plant physiology. We fabricated OEIP devices based on a synthesized dendritic polyelectrolyte that enables electrophoretic transport of aromatic substances. Delivery of auxin to transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings in vivo was monitored in real time via dynamic fluorescent auxin-response reporters and induced physiological responses in roots. Our results provide a starting point for technologies enabling direct, rapid, and dynamic electronic interaction with the biochemical regulation systems of plants.auxin | Arabidopsis thaliana | dendritic polymer | bioelectronics | polyelectrolyte

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Chemical delivery array with millisecond neurotransmitter release

Abstract: Addressable organic electronic neurotransmitter delivery array with switching ~50 ms, approaching synaptic signaling speed.

Cited by 64 publications

References 23 publications

A Universal Platform for Fabricating Organic Electrochemical Devices

A Universal Platform for Fabricating Organic Electrochemical Devices

Miniaturized Ionic Polarization Diodes for Neurotransmitter Release at Synaptic Speeds

Regulating plant physiology with organic electronics

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