“…The results from this study showed that essential oils from both species had broad spectrum antibacterial activity to Gram positive and negative bacteria. This is in accordance with other studies that showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity from these oils (Naik et al, 2015;Supabphol and Tangjitjareonkun, 2014;Tangjitjareonkun et al, 2012a). In this study, Z. rhetsa essential oil showed similar MIC/MBC level against all tested bacteria at 256/256 mg/mL while the essential oil from Z. limonella showed greater antibacterial activity with variable MIC/MBC levels ranging from 4-128/8-128.…”
Background: Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC and Zanthoxylum limonella Alston are spices for flavouring in indigenous Thai food. They are traditionally used as an aromatic, astringent, antimicrobial, antiseptic and antidiabetic agent. The purpose of this study is to examine their chemical compositions and evaluate antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer properties of the essential oils. Materials and Methods: The essential oils of Z. rhetsa and Z. limonella were analysed for phytochemical constituents by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity was determined against several bacteria using the microdilution method. Antioxidant capacity was determined by free radical scavenger 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) methods. The anticancer activity was determined with two breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and the normal African green monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cell line and using MTT assay. Results: Sabinene (22.51%) and terpinene-4-ol (32.33%) were found to be major components of Z. rhetsa essential oil while limonene (57.94%) and alpha-phelladrene (15.54%) were the major components of Z. limonella essential oil. Essential oil from Z. limonella exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity. Z. rhetsa and Z. limonella essential oils exhibited moderate antioxidant activity. The essential oil from Z. rhetsa possessed the ability to inhibit breast cancer cell (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) proliferation and cell viability. Conclusion: This study suggest that the essential oils from Z. limonella and Z. rhetsa could be applied as safe antibacterial and antioxidant agents for food and have the potential for further development of new anticancer agents.
“…The results from this study showed that essential oils from both species had broad spectrum antibacterial activity to Gram positive and negative bacteria. This is in accordance with other studies that showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity from these oils (Naik et al, 2015;Supabphol and Tangjitjareonkun, 2014;Tangjitjareonkun et al, 2012a). In this study, Z. rhetsa essential oil showed similar MIC/MBC level against all tested bacteria at 256/256 mg/mL while the essential oil from Z. limonella showed greater antibacterial activity with variable MIC/MBC levels ranging from 4-128/8-128.…”
Background: Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC and Zanthoxylum limonella Alston are spices for flavouring in indigenous Thai food. They are traditionally used as an aromatic, astringent, antimicrobial, antiseptic and antidiabetic agent. The purpose of this study is to examine their chemical compositions and evaluate antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer properties of the essential oils. Materials and Methods: The essential oils of Z. rhetsa and Z. limonella were analysed for phytochemical constituents by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity was determined against several bacteria using the microdilution method. Antioxidant capacity was determined by free radical scavenger 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) methods. The anticancer activity was determined with two breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and the normal African green monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cell line and using MTT assay. Results: Sabinene (22.51%) and terpinene-4-ol (32.33%) were found to be major components of Z. rhetsa essential oil while limonene (57.94%) and alpha-phelladrene (15.54%) were the major components of Z. limonella essential oil. Essential oil from Z. limonella exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity. Z. rhetsa and Z. limonella essential oils exhibited moderate antioxidant activity. The essential oil from Z. rhetsa possessed the ability to inhibit breast cancer cell (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) proliferation and cell viability. Conclusion: This study suggest that the essential oils from Z. limonella and Z. rhetsa could be applied as safe antibacterial and antioxidant agents for food and have the potential for further development of new anticancer agents.
“…[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Limonene, terpinen-4-ol, sabinene, 3-carene, α-terpineol, β-pinene, α-pinene, γ-terpinene, α-terpinene, pcymene and linalool are the most common molecules found in the genus. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Limonene, terpinen-4-ol, sabinene, 3-carene, α-terpineol, β-pinene, α-pinene, γ-terpinene, α-terpinene, pcymene and linalool are the most common molecules found in the genus.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[4 -10] As is well-known, several investigations have demonstrated anticarcinogenic and antitumor activity of plant essential oils. [4][5][6][7] Considering this fact, we focused on evaluating the essential oils from Z. limoncello on the human decarboxylase enzyme (ODC1), which is considered as a promising target for controlling several types of cancer. [7] The antitumor and antiproliferative activities of organic extracts and chemical fractions belonging to the genus Zanthoxylum has been explored, however, no insights regarding the bioactive compounds from these plants on specific physiological targets have been revealed.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The volatile fraction of some Zanthoxylum species cultivated around the world has been elucidated. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Limonene, terpinen-4-ol, sabinene, 3-carene, α-terpineol, β-pinene, α-pinene, γ-terpinene, α-terpinene, pcymene and linalool are the most common molecules found in the genus. [4 -10] As is well-known, several investigations have demonstrated anticarcinogenic and antitumor activity of plant essential oils.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[7] The antitumor and antiproliferative activities of organic extracts and chemical fractions belonging to the genus Zanthoxylum has been explored, however, no insights regarding the bioactive compounds from these plants on specific physiological targets have been revealed. [4][5][6][7] Considering this fact, we focused on evaluating the essential oils from Z. limoncello on the human decarboxylase enzyme (ODC1), which is considered as a promising target for controlling several types of cancer. Also, we evaluated the in vitro growth inhibitory activity of these oils on Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium associated to the development of duodenal ulcers and stomach cancer.…”
Zanthoxylum limoncello is a native plant from southern Mexico which is used as a timber source, condiment and as a traditional medicine. Herein, we report on the volatile content of the leaf essential oil and its biological activities. The annual essential oils (2015-2018) contained volatile organic compounds which exhibited a moderate growth inhibitory activity against H. pylori ATCC 53504 (MIC 121.4-139.7 μg mL À 1 ), 26695 (MIC 85.5 -94.9 μg mL À 1 ) and J99 (MIC 94.7 -110.4 μg mL À 1 ). These hydrodistillates contained 2-undecanone (31.6-36.8 %; MIC 185.3 -199.2 μg mL À 1 ) and 2-undecenal (25.1-35.7 %; MIC 144.8 -111.3 μg mL À 1 ) as the most abundant compounds which were partially involved in the anti-H. pylori activity. The human ornithine decarboxylase enzyme (ODC1), which shows increased activity in several cancer types, was non-competitively inhibited (V max 2.7 > 0.8 K cat s À 1 ) by the essential oil of Z. limoncello as well as by 2-undecanone and 2-undecenal in accordance to in vitro kinetic studies. In silico calculations strongly suggest that the carbonyl group of these oxygenated hydrocarbons interacts with both Asn319 and Ala39 at the subunit A of ODC1. Considering that Ala39 is located close to Asn44, a crucial amino acid of the ODC's allosteric site, the non-competitive inhibition of the enzyme by 2-undecanone and 2-undecenal is endorsed. Finally, the essential oil of Z. limoncello and its main volatiles showed a significant (p < 0.01) and prolonged repellent effect against Aedes aegypti.[a] RI 1 , RI 2 , Retention index obtained with HP-5 ms and Factor Four VF5-ms, respectively. Abundances are presented as the average of five different samples (n = 5). [b] Indicates corroboration by co-injection with authentic standards.
The order Sapindales is comprised of nine families and in Brazil it is represented by six, including Rutaceae Juss., which constitutes the largest group of this order. A variety of species of Zanthoxylum L. are distributed throughout the country, and among them is the species Zanthoxylum kleinii (R.S. Cowan) P.G. Waterman, which is found in the states of Brazil. This study aimed to characterize the morphoanatomy of the leaf, petiole, rachis, and stem of the species Z. kleinii. Histochemical tests were performed, and the sections were visualized under optical and scanning electron microscopy. The analysis showed that the morphoanatomical characteristics of the species are: hypoestomatic leaflets; stomata classified as anomocytic, tetracytic, and anisocytic; dorsiventral mesophyll; cavities that produce a secretion of lipid nature, present in the leaflet, rachis, and petiole; colleters distributed in the leaf; presence of simple non‐glandular trichomes in all structures; and prismatic crystals in the petiole. Histochemical tests indicated the presence of phenolic and lipophilic compounds, mucilage, and lignin. With the result of this research, it was possible to identify the nature of the compounds secreted by the secretory structures of the leaves; in addition, the morphoanatomical characterization of Z. kleinii can provide relevant data for future studies for other organs of the species not yet described. Furthermore, contributing concomitantly with data for the genus, in this way, supporting to differentiate them.Research Highlights
Ultrastructural features observed by microscopic techniques.
Calcium oxalate crystals present in the rachis.
Microchemical tests confirmed the presence of colleters in the leaflet.
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