Chemical compositions of essential oils of Amomum verum and Cinnamomum parthenoxylon and their in vitro biological properties

Abstract

Introduction: In eastern Thailand, Amomum verum and Cinnamomum parthenoxylon are native plants used by local communities for their medical and culinary properties. This study determined the chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils from A. verum shoots (AVSEO) and C. parthenoxylon wood (CPW-EO). Methods: Essential oils were extracted using hydro-distillation and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method and broth microdilution assay. The cytotoxic activity of the essential oils was assessed against the human prostate adenocarcinoma (DU145) cell line using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The antioxidant activity of the essential oils was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. The expression of antioxidant genes in the DU145 cells was evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results: 1,8-Cineole was the main component in AVS-EO and CPW-EO with 84.38, and 45.65 %, respectively. AVS-EO had stronger antimicrobial activity than CPW-EO. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) values of AVSEO against Candida albicans were 0.3125 and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively. Both essential oils had timedependent and dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on the DU145 human prostate adenocarcinoma cells. CPW-EO had high antioxidant activity toward DPPH and ABTS radicals with IC50 values of 4.528±0.233 and 0.045±0.007 mg/mL, respectively. The two essential oils up-regulated glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRx) mRNA expression in the oxidative stress response of DU145 cells. Conclusion: AVS-EO and CPW-EO might be added as natural ingredients in food or dietary supplement products for the benefit of microbial and prostate cancer inhibition.

Essential oils from Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton grains and Cinnamomum verum J. Presl barks: Chemical examination and bioactivity studies

“…The herein reported antibacterial and antioxidant activities of E. cardamomum EO could be attributed to the presence of high content of oxygenated monoterpenes, mainly 1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate (Das et al, 2012;Elguindy et al, 2016;Tangjitjaroenkun et al, 2020). Its EO was reported to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive and negative bacteria with MIC (0.4-0.8%, v/v) (Gochev et al, 2012).…”

“…Furthermore, the lower susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria to EOs than Gram-positive bacteria could be attributed to the presence of the outer membrane and the lipopolysaccharide barrier for the hydrophobic compounds that deteriorate their bioactivities. In several reports, oxygenated monoterpenes in essential oil demonstrated antioxidant activity (Tangjitjaroenkun et al, 2020), but the fail of the ABTS assay to detect the antioxidant activity of E. cardamomum might be attributed to the fact that EO is a hydrophobic extract, which was insoluble in ABTS aqueous solution in contrast to DPPH method that predicts the antioxidant capacity for hydrophobic antioxidants. Moreover, EOs with high content of phenolic compounds and also some monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes possessed potential cytotoxic activity against various cancer cell lines (Kallel et al, 2019).…”

“…cardamomum EO is used mainly for treating fevers, digestive complaints, and respiratory diseases (Gochev et al, 2012); it embraces aromatic compounds with stimulant, astringent, diuretic, carminative, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities (Asghar et al, 2017). These pharmaceutical activities have been attributed to the presence of oxygenated monoterpenes (1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate, and geraniol) and phenyl propanoids (eugenol) (Das et al, 2012;Tangjitjaroenkun et al, 2020). Meanwhile, C. verum extract is used to treat coughing, sore throats, arthritis, and microbial infections (Sharifan et al, 2016).…”

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oils of Citral-Rich Chemotype Cinnamomum camphora and Cinnamomum bodinieri

“…The antioxidation of natural plant essential oils is very important for their application in the fields of medicine, food and spices, which overcome the deleterious effect of chemically synthesized antioxidants. The 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging test, scavenging 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzo thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical (ABTS) and the ability of Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) are the most common methods used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of compounds, and various phytoconstituents and their potential antioxidant activities have been reported previously [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. In terms of the C. camphora’s antioxidant activities, linalool, eucalyptol, camphor and borneol chemotypes with strong scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were proved [ 17 ].…”

Seasonal Variation in the Essential Oil Yield and Composition of Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Jack) Meisner

“…Linalool is the most frequently used compound in perfumes and daily chemical products, and it also shows analgesic, [3] anti‐inflammatory, [4] and anti‐tumor activities; [5] citral is a widely used food additive with significant antibacterial effects and high economic value [6] . In addition, the extracts of leaf, bark, wood, and root of C. parthenoxylon have antioxidant and antibacterial effects [7–9] and can inhibit the growth of tumor cells, which has development and utilization value [10–13] . Besides essential oils, phenolic, tannin, and alkaloid extracts of C. parthenoxylon have hypoglycemic function, [14,15] phenylpropanoid compounds have strong anti‐leukemic activity, [16] and flavonoid glycoside rutin has strong antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities [17] …”