Chemical composition of precipitation collected on a weathership on the north Atlantic

Buijsman, E; Jonker, Piet J.; Asman, W. A. H.; Ridders, Taeke B.

doi:10.1016/0960-1686(91)90129-u

Cited by 18 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“… b References: AN, Andreae et al [1990b]; AY, Ayers and Ramsdale [1988]; BU, Buijsman et al [1991]; EMEP, Hjellbrekke et al [1996, 1997]; GA1, Galloway et al [1982]; GA2, Galloway [1985]; GA3, Galloway et al [1996]; GA4, Galloway and Gaudry [1984]; LI, Likens et al [1987]; NADP, National Acid Deposition Program/National Trends Network [NADP/NTN] [1995, 1996]; PS, Pszenny et al [1982]; RO, Rodhe et al [1981]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MIRAGE: Model description and evaluation of aerosols and trace gases

et al. 2004

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[1] The Model for Integrated Research on Atmospheric Global Exchanges (MIRAGE) modeling system, designed to study the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the global environment, is described. MIRAGE consists of a chemical transport model coupled online with a global climate model. The chemical transport model simulates trace gases, aerosol number, and aerosol chemical component mass (sulfate, methane sulfonic acid (MSA), organic matter, black carbon (BC), sea salt, and mineral dust) for four aerosol modes (Aitken, accumulation, coarse sea salt, and coarse mineral dust) using the modal aerosol dynamics approach. Cloud-phase and interstitial aerosol are predicted separately. The climate model, based on Community Climate Model, Version 2 (CCM2), has physically based treatments of aerosol direct and indirect forcing. Stratiform cloud water and droplet number are simulated using a bulk microphysics parameterization that includes aerosol activation. Aerosol and trace gas species simulated by MIRAGE are presented and evaluated using surface and aircraft measurements. Surface-level SO 2 in North American and European source regions is higher than observed. SO 2 above the boundary layer is in better agreement with observations, and surface-level SO 2 at marine locations is somewhat lower than observed. Comparison with other models suggests insufficient SO 2 dry deposition; increasing the deposition velocity improves simulated SO 2 . Surface-level sulfate in North American and European source regions is in good agreement with observations, although the seasonal cycle in Europe is stronger than observed. Surface-level sulfate at high-latitude and marine locations, and sulfate above the boundary layer, are higher than observed. This is attributed primarily to insufficient wet removal; increasing the wet removal improves simulated sulfate at remote locations and aloft. Because of the high sulfate bias, radiative forcing estimates for anthropogenic sulfur given in 2001 by S. J. Ghan and colleagues are probably too high. Surface-level dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is $40% higher than observed, and the seasonal cycle shows too much DMS in local winter, partially caused by neglect of oxidation by NO 3 . Surface-level MSA at marine locations is $80% higher than observed, also attributed to insufficient wet removal. Surface-level BC is $50% lower than observed in the United States and $40% lower than observed globally. Treating BC as initially hydrophobic would lessen this bias. Surface-level organic matter is lower than observed in the United States, similar to BC, but shows no bias in the global comparison. Surface-level sea salt concentrations are $30% lower than observed, partly caused by low temporal variance of the model's 10 m wind speeds. Submicrometer sea salt is strongly underestimated by the emissions parameterization. Dust concentrations are within a factor of 3 at most sites but tend to be lower than observed, primarily because of neglect of very large particles and underestimation of emissions and vertical transport under ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MIRAGE: Model description and evaluation of aerosols and trace gases

et al. 2004

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“…Away from the immediate source areas, the observed deposition decreases to about 0.5 g S m-* along the Atlantic coast of western Europe and about 0.7 g S me2 along the east Table VII Observed and calculated nss sulfur wet deposition and concentration in precipitation at regional and remote sites mg S m-* yr-' and umole 1-l. Numbers in parentheses are concentrations Galloway et al (1982), BU is Buijsman et al (1991), GL is Galloway (1985) RO is Rodhe et al (1981), PS is Pszenny et al (1982) LI is Likens et al (1987), GG is Galloway and Gaudry (1984), GY is G. Ayers (personal comm. ) and LD is Legrand and Delmas (1985).…”

Section: Annual Cycles Annual Cycles For Selected Locations Are Showmentioning

confidence: 99%

A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle

1991

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The tropospheric part of the atmospheric sulfur cycle has been simulated in a global threedimensional model. The model treats the emission, transport, chemistry, and removal processes for three sulfur components; DMS (dimethyl sulfide), SO, and SO% (sulfate). These processes are resolved using an Eulerian transport model, the MOGUNTIA model, with a horizontal resolution of 10 longitude by 10" latitude and with 10 layers in the vertical between the surface and 100 hPa. Advection takes place by climatological monthly mean winds. Transport processes occurring on smaller space and time scales are parameterized as eddy diffusion except for transport in deep convective clouds which is treated separately. The simulations are broadly consistent with observations of concentrations in air and precipitation in and over polluted regions in Europe and North America. Oxidation of DMS by OH radicals together with a global emission of 16 Tg DMS-S yr-' from the oceans result in DMS concentrations consistent with observations in the marine boundary layer. The average turn-over times were estimated to be 3, 1.2-1.8, and 3.2-6.1 days for DMS, SO,, and SOi-respectively.

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Atmospheric deposition of nutrients to the North Atlantic Basin

Prospero

Barrett

Church

et al. 1996

Nitrogen Cycling in the North Atlantic Ocean and Its Watersheds

121

114

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Atmospheric chemical models are used to estimate the deposition rate of various inorganic oxides of nitrogen (NOy ), reduced nitrogen species (NHx) and mineral dust to the North Atlantic Ocean (NAO). The estimated deposition of NOy to the NAO (excluding the coastal ocean) and the Caribbean is 360 x 10 9 Moles-N m-2 yr-I (5.0 Tg N); this is equivalent to about 13% of the estimated global emission rate (natural and anthropogenic) and a quarter of the emission rate from sources in North America and Europe. In the case ofNHx, 258 Moles-N m-2 yr-I (3.6 Tg N) are deposited to the NAO and the Caribbean; this is about 6% of the global continental emissions. There is relatively little data on the deposition rate of organic nitrogen species; nonetheless, this evidence suggests that concentrations and deposition rates are comparable to those for inorganic nitrogen.Because of anthropogenic emissions, the present-day deposition rate ofNOy to the NAO is about five times greater than pre-industrial times largely due to emissions from energy production and biomass burning. The present-day emissions of NHx from continental anthropogenic sources are about four-to-five times greater than natural sources, mostly due to the impact of emissions from animal wastes associated with food production. Indeed, present-day emissions of NHx from animal waste are estimated to be about 10 times greater than the pre-human era. The deposition rate of mineral dust to the NAO is about 170 Tg yr-I ; deposited with the dust (assuming average crustal abundances) is about 6 Tg yr-I of Fe and 0.2 Tg yr-I of P. Dust deposition in the NAO is almost completely attributable to transport from North African sources; a substantial fraction of the dust over the NAO is probably mobilized as a consequence of land use practices in arid regions and, consequently, it should be regarded as a pollutant.

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Chemical composition of precipitation collected on a weathership on the north Atlantic

Cited by 18 publications

References 17 publications

MIRAGE: Model description and evaluation of aerosols and trace gases

MIRAGE: Model description and evaluation of aerosols and trace gases

A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle

Atmospheric deposition of nutrients to the North Atlantic Basin

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