Chemical Composition and Seasonal Variations of Spike Lavender Oil from Southern Spain

Salido, Sofı́a; Altarejos, Joaquı́n; Nogueras, Manuel; Sánchez, Adolfo; Luque, Pascual

doi:10.1080/10412905.2004.9698698

Cited by 30 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Salido et al (2004) reported a similar result, suggesting that acylation activity in lavandin is of L. angustifolia origin. (+)-borneol is oxidized by 2 electrons of the hydroxyl group with borneol dehydrogenase and converts to (+)-camphor in Saliva officinalis (Croteau and Karp, 1976).…”

supporting

confidence: 68%

Evaluation of Lavender Varietal Characteristics Using Three Content Ratios between Alcohol-based Fragrance Ingredients and Their Derivatives

Seino

Nakatani

Nishikawa

et al. 2008

J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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We tried to establish an evaluation technique for the varietal characteristics of lavender oil to compare their fragrance components. Nine cultivars of Lavandula angustifolia and 6 cultivars of lavandin (L. angustifolia × L. latifolia) plants were cultivated in Tsukuba, Ibaraki and 3 cultivars of lavandin were cultivated each in Kitahiroshima, Hokkaido, and Unzen, Nagasaki in Japan. The fragrance ingredients were extracted with ether by immersing from their calyces, which were adjacent to flowers. The extract solution was analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The concentration data were then converted into the ratio between the precursor and the product which relate to the estimated fragrance ingredient formation. The precursor and products of two types of reaction were analyzed: linalool and linalyl acetate, and lavandulol and lavandulyl acetate as the characteristic alcoholic fragrances and their acylated derivatives in L. angustifolia and lavandin, and borneol and camphor as the alcoholic fragrance and its specific oxidized derivative in lavandin only (precursor and its product, in that order). The analytical results of different sampling dates of every variety showed a similar fluctuating pattern of ratios during flowering periods in a cultivation location in different years. The relative positions of ratios among varieties were nearly constant and also showed similar results in different cultivation locations in different years. This result suggested that differences in the component ratios among varieties by testing same-stage calyces in the same cultivation area sampled on the same day showed varietal characteristics.Key Words: content ratio, fragrance component, lavandin, Lavandula angustifolia, varietal characteristic. IntroductionLavender (Lavandula species) has been used as an ornamental shrub and a cut flower, and its essential oil has been in demand as a perfume ingredient since the Middle Ages in Europe. Recently, breeding for essential oil has been active for L. angustifolia P. Miller and in lavandin (L. angustifolia × L. latifolia Medikus). The collection quantity of the essential oil of lavandin species is higher than that of L. angustifolia, and its aromatic odor is similar to L. angustifolia species, which is called true lavender (Lammerink, 1989).The essential oil is generally produced by vapor distilling the lavender spike from the flowering period, and the method of extraction with organic solvent is called 'absolute'. It has been said that lavender essential oil made from L. angustifolia is higher in quality than that of lavandin, because the linalool and linalyl acetate content is higher in L. angustifolia and the essential oil content is smaller than in lavandin. In addition, oil of L. angustifolia is considered much higher in quality than that of lavandin as the camphor content is lower (Mori et al., 2002).Because there is quality difference among essential oils from different varieties of lavender, the fragrance constitution is an important varietal characteristic of lave...

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supporting

confidence: 68%

Evaluation of Lavender Varietal Characteristics Using Three Content Ratios between Alcohol-based Fragrance Ingredients and Their Derivatives

Seino

Nakatani

Nishikawa

et al. 2008

J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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“…It is well known that the variability in the spike lavender oil composition is primarily genotype dependent (Harborne and Williams, 2002); thus, the variability in monoterpene content among the spike lavender plants analyzed reflects the bulked seed origin of the plants used as a source of explants for transformation. It is worth noting that the most common compounds found in the oils from transgenic and control spike lavender oils, namely, a-and b-pinene, cineole, camphor, linalool, a-terpineol, and borneol, were within the ranges observed in other studies on chemical composition of spike lavender oils (Asociación Españ ola de Normalizació n y Certificació n, 1997; Harborne and Williams, 2002;Salido et al, 2004). As already suggested (Dudareva et al, 2004), we found that the formation of volatile compounds in spike lavender is spatially regulated, with flowers producing the most diverse and the highest amount of these compounds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Up-Regulation of 1-Deoxy-d-Xylulose-5-Phosphate Synthase Enhances Production of Essential Oils in Transgenic Spike Lavender

et al. 2006

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Spike lavender (Lavandula latifolia) is an aromatic shrub cultivated worldwide for the production of essential oils. The major constituents of these oils are monoterpenes, which are obtained from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate precursors through the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway and/or the cytosolic mevalonate pathway. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-P synthase (DXS) catalyzes the first step of the MEP pathway. A cDNA coding for the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DXS was constitutively expressed in spike lavender. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses revealed that transgenic plants accumulated significantly more essential oils compared to controls (from 101.5% to 359.0% and from 12.2% to 74.1% yield increase compared to controls in leaves and flowers, respectively). T 0 transgenic plants were grown for 2 years, self-pollinated, and the T 1 seeds obtained. The inheritance of the DXS transgene was studied in the T 1 generation. The increased essential oil phenotype observed in the transgenic T 0 plants was maintained in the progeny that inherited the DXS transgene. Total chlorophyll and carotenoid content in DXS progenies that inherited the transgene depended on the analyzed plant, showing either no variation or a significant decrease in respect to their counterparts without the transgene. Transgenic plants had a visual phenotype similar to untransformed plants (controls) in terms of morphology, growth habit, flowering, and seed germination. Our results demonstrate that the MEP pathway contributes to essential oil production in spike lavender. They also demonstrate that the DXS enzyme plays a crucial role in monoterpene precursor biosynthesis and, thus, in essential oil production in spike lavender. In addition, our results provide a strategy to increase the essential oil production in spike lavender by metabolic engineering of the MEP pathway without apparent detrimental effects on plant development and fitness.

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“…Chemical classes represented in the species include phenolics (Areias et al 2000) and terpenes (Salido et al 2004;Aburjai et al 2005). Tiliacos et al (2008) determined that a substantial component of Lavandula intermedia is made up of two compounds, coumarin and herniarin (7-methoxycoumarin).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lavender as a Source of Novel Plant Compounds for the Development of a Natural Herbicide

et al. 2009

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In a previous study, lavender (Lavandula spp.) was found to be highly phytotoxic towards annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum, ARG), a major weed of winter wheat crops in Australia. This research aimed to further explore this relationship and determine the chemical(s) responsible for the observed effect. In bioassay, it was determined that the stem and leaf extract of L. x intermedia cv. Grosso ranked highest and had the potential to reduce significantly the root growth of several plant species. An extract concentration of 10% almost completely inhibited ARG root growth. When the extract was tested for stability, there was no loss in phytotoxicity after the 256 day trial. Via bioassay-guided fractionation and chromatographic techniques, it was determined that the sub-fraction consisting of coumarin and 7-methoxycoumarin was most phytotoxic towards ARG. Chemoassays of 18 structural analogues of coumarin showed that coumarin itself was the most phytotoxic and largely responsible for the observed phytotoxicity of the extract. Soil trials were conducted using pure coumarin and the lavender extract, and in both instances, shoot length and weight were significantly reduced by post-emergence application at all concentrations evaluated.

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Chemical Composition and Seasonal Variations of Spike Lavender Oil from Southern Spain

Cited by 30 publications

References 4 publications

Evaluation of Lavender Varietal Characteristics Using Three Content Ratios between Alcohol-based Fragrance Ingredients and Their Derivatives

Evaluation of Lavender Varietal Characteristics Using Three Content Ratios between Alcohol-based Fragrance Ingredients and Their Derivatives

Up-Regulation of 1-Deoxy-d-Xylulose-5-Phosphate Synthase Enhances Production of Essential Oils in Transgenic Spike Lavender

Lavender as a Source of Novel Plant Compounds for the Development of a Natural Herbicide

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