Chemical composition and cellular structure of corks from Quercus suber trees planted in Bulgaria and Turkey

Şen, Ali; Zhianski, Miglena; Glushkova, Maria; Petkova, Krasimira; Ferreira, Joana; Pereira, Helena

doi:10.1007/s00226-016-0836-y

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Lipophilic extractives including fatty acids and alcohols, sterols, and terpenes, as well as polar compounds of phenolic nature are present in substantial amounts. The proportion and the composition of cork extractives differ substantially between species (Ferreira et al, 2015a(Ferreira et al, ,b, 2016aMota et al, 2016;Sen et al, 2016a).…”

Section: Cork Structure and Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Much effort has been undertaken to study the variability of Q. suber cork in relation to chemical composition because this characteristic is responsible for many of its properties (Pereira, 1988(Pereira, , 2013Bento et al, 2001;Sen et al, 2016a). For corks of other species, there is no systematic study of natural chemical variation.…”

Section: Cork Structure and Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a substantial chemical variability of Q. suber cork regarding between-tree and between-site differences that has been addressed in several studies (Pereira, 1988(Pereira, , 2013Conde et al, 1998;Bento et al, 2001;Sen et al, 2016a). The content of suberin is the most important chemical attribute of cork since it is its chemical fingerprint and is directly related to most of its typical properties .…”

Section: Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cork-Containing Barks—A Review

Leite

Pereira

2017

Front. Mater.

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Tree barks are among the less studied forest products notwithstanding their relevant physiological and protective role in tree functioning. The large diversity in structure and chemical composition of barks makes them a particularly interesting potential source of chemicals and bioproducts, at present valued in the context of biorefineries. One of the valuable components of barks is cork (phellem in anatomy) due to a rather unique set of properties and composition. Cork from the cork oak (Quercus suber) has been extensively studied, mostly because of its economic importance and worldwide utilization of cork products. However, several other species have barks with substantial cork amounts that may constitute additional resources for cork-based bioproducts. This paper makes a review of the tree species that have barks with significant proportion of cork and on the available information regarding the structural and chemical characterization of their bark. A general integrative appraisal of the formation and types of barks and of cork development is also given. The knowledge gaps and the potential interesting research lines are identified and discussed, as well as the utilization perspectives.

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Section: Cork Structure and Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cork Structure and Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cork-Containing Barks—A Review

Leite

Pereira

2017

Front. Mater.

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“…Previous analyses of phellem (cork) extractables revealed that they comprise primarily non-polar compounds (in Q. suber cork, mainly triterpenoids along with smaller amounts of fatty acyl-derived compounds; sometimes called suberin-associated waxes) 10 , together with smaller amounts of polar constituents (in Q. suber cork, phenolics) [11][12][13][14][15] . Triterpenoids are a group of diverse natural products originating from six acetyl-CoA-derived isopentenyl diphosphate units supplied by the cytosolic mevalonate pathway 16 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Oxidosqualene cyclases involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids in Quercus suber cork

Busta

Serra

Kim

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Cork is a water-impermeable, suberin-based material harboring lignin, (hemi)cellulose, and extractable small molecules (primarily triterpenoids). Extractables strongly influence the properties of suberinbased materials. Though these previous findings suggest a key role for triterpenoids in cork material quality, directly testing this idea is hindered in part because it is not known which genes control cork triterpenoid biosynthesis. Here, we used gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to determine that the majority (>85%) of non-polar extractables from cork were pentacyclic triterpenoids, primarily betulinic acid, friedelin, and hydroxy-friedelin. In other plants, triterpenoids are generated by oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs). Accordingly, we mined Quercus suber EST libraries for OSC fragments to use in a RACE PCR-based approach and cloned three full-length OSC transcripts from cork (QsOSC1-3). Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that QsOSC1-3 respectively encoded enzymes with lupeol synthase, mixed αand β-amyrin synthase, and mixed β-amyrin and friedelin synthase activities. These activities together account for the backbone structures of the major cork triterpenoids. Finally, we analyzed the sequences of QsOSC1-3 and other plant OSCs to identify residues associated with specific OSC activities, then combined this with analyses of Q. suber transcriptomic and genomic data to evaluate potential redundancies in cork triterpenoid biosynthesis. Cork is a naturally occurring, renewable, sustainable biological material found in the outer bark of diverse tree species. Commercial cork is harvested from the cork oak (Quercus suber L.) via the periodic removal of its outer bark, which is also called phellem. Once dried and processed, the bark yields a material that is flame-resistant, buoyant, elastic, and impermeable to water 1. These remarkable properties have led to the widespread use of cork in the creation of, for example, building materials, floats, and bottle stoppers. The diverse industrial uses of cork highlight the importance of understanding the biochemical and genetic basis for the material's physical properties. As with other naturally occurring biological materials, the chemical composition of cork has a major influence on its physical properties 1. Previous studies have revealed that cork comprises four main classes of chemicals: suberin, lignin, (hemi)cellulose, and small-molecule extractables 2. While the relative proportions of these components can vary between cork isolates 3,4 , suberin is, on average, the most abundant component (~40%), with the other three contributing roughly equally (~20% each) to the total. Of the four chemical classes constituting cork tissue, suberin, lignin, and (hemi)cellulose are all polymers found in essentially all vascular plant lineages. In contrast, the extractables comprise primarily triterpenoids and phenolics-metabolites that accumulate in pronounced lineage-specific patterns 5. Unlike most enzymes involved in ubiquitous metabolic processes ("p...

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“…Corks are removed from the tree bark of the species Quercus suber and present features acquired according to the growing region . However, regardless of location, the cellular structure arrangements are similar showing small variation only in the chemical composition and suberin/lignin ratio – once polysaccharides, extractives and ash present proportions always close indicating that small differences in the composition of the cork are not significant . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides have been determined using cork as the extraction phase in SPME .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploiting green sorbents in rotating‐disk sorptive extraction for the determination of parabens by high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

Vieira

Mazurkievicz

Calvo

et al. 2018

J of Separation Science

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In this study, the viability of applying cork and montmorillonite clay modified with ionic liquid as biosorbents in the rotating-disk sorptive extraction technique was investigated. Specifically, this was aimed at the determination of methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, and isobutyl paraben, with separation/determination by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The optimization of the method for both biosorbents was performed using multivariate procedures. The extraction efficiencies for the target compounds in aqueous matrices were compared to those obtained using the commercial sorbent Octadecil Silano-C18. The optimum extraction conditions for both natural sorbents were the use of an ammonia solution (pH 10) as desorption solvent and an extraction time of 30 min. The proposed methods show limits of quantification of 0.8 μg/L for cork, 3.0 μg/L for montmorillonite clay and 6.0 μg/L for Octadecil Silano-C18. The relative recoveries from river water and tap water samples ranged from 80.3 to 118.7% and 80.0 to 119.9% for cork and montmorillonite clay modified with ionic liquid, respectively. Relative standard deviations were obtained for intra- and interday precisions of <15% and <19% for cork and <19% and <17% for montmorillonite clay modified with ionic liquid.

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Chemical composition and cellular structure of corks from Quercus suber trees planted in Bulgaria and Turkey

Cited by 29 publications

References 32 publications

Cork-Containing Barks—A Review

Cork-Containing Barks—A Review

Oxidosqualene cyclases involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids in Quercus suber cork

Exploiting green sorbents in rotating‐disk sorptive extraction for the determination of parabens by high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

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