Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Two Jatropha Species: Different Parts and Different Extraction Methods

Abstract

Jatropha L. species, in particular, J. curcas and J. gossypiifolia, are well known medicinal plants used for treating various diseases. In the present study, leaf and stem bark extracts of J. curcas and J. gossypiifolia obtained by maceration or homogenizer assisted extraction, were investigated for their phytochemical contents and biological potential as antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors and neuromodulators. In this regard, the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was investigated in hypothalamic HypoE22 cells. Finally, a bioinformatics analysis was carried out with the aim to unravel the putative mechanisms consistent with both metabolomic fingerprints and pharmacological effects. The leaf extracts of J. curcas showed higher total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) than the stem bark extracts (range: 5.79–48.95 mg GAE/g and 1.64–13.99 mg RE/g, respectively), while J. gossypiifolia possessed TPC and TFC in the range of 42.62–62.83 mg GAE/g and 6.97–17.63 mg RE/g, respectively. HPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the leaf extracts of both species obtained by homogenizer assisted extraction are richer in phytochemical compounds compared to the stem bark extracts obtained by the same extraction method. In vitro antioxidant potentials were also demonstrated in different assays (DPPH: 6.89–193.93 mg TE/g, ABTS: 20.20–255.39 mg TE/g, CUPRAC: 21.07–333.30 mg TE/g, FRAP: 14.02–168.93 mg TE/g, metal chelating activity: 3.21–17.51 mg EDTAE/g and phosphomolybdenum assay: 1.76–3.55 mmol TE/g). In particular, the leaf extract of J. curcas and the stem bark extract of J. gossypiifolia, both obtained by homogenizer assisted extraction, showed the most potent antioxidant capacity in terms of free radical scavenging and reducing activity, which could be related to their higher TPC and TFC. Furthermore, anti-neurodegenerative (acetylcholinesterase inhibition:1.12–2.36 mg GALAE/g; butyrylcholinetserase inhibition: 0.50–3.68 mg GALAE/g), anti-hyperpigmentation (tyrosinase inhibition: 38.14–57.59 mg KAE/g) and antidiabetic (amylase inhibition: 0.28–0.62 mmol ACAE/g; glucosidase inhibition: 0.65–0.81 mmol ACAE/g) properties were displayed differentially by the different extracts. Additionally, the extracts were effective in reducing the gene expression of both TNFα and BDNF, which could be partially mediated by phenolic compounds such as naringenin, apigenin and quercetin. Indeed, the scientific data obtained from the present study complement the several other reports highlighting the pharmacological potentials of these two species, thus supporting their uses as therapeutically active plants.

UHPLC-MS profiles and antidiarrheal activity of Quercus coccinea münchh. and Quercus robur L. employing in vivo technique

“…A fragment ion peak was detected resulting from the loss of 132 Da corresponding to pentose moiety. It was attributed to methoxy apigenin, supporting the suggestion of the O-linkage of the sugar moiety (Supplementary Figure S3) (Zengin et al, 2021).…”

“…The MS/MS spectrum of compounds 13 and 16 displayed a deprotonated molecular ion at m/z 300.0291 corresponding to quercetin as the aglycone moiety in both compounds. It was created, by the loss of 132 Da (dehydrated pentose moiety) and 162 Da (dehydrated hexose moiety) from the main peak of 13 at m/z 595.1299 [M-H] -(Supplementary Figure S4) (Unuofin and Lebelo, 2021) while in case of 16, it resulted from the neutral loss of 162 Da (dehydrated hexose moiety) from the parent ion m/z 463.0890 [M-H] -(Supplementary Figure S5) (Zengin et al, 2021).…”

The Global Metabolome Profiles of Four Varieties of Lonicera caerulea, Established via Tandem Mass Spectrometry

“…(compound 58 in Table 1), and 6-hydroxy-3-methoxy-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (compound 59 in Table 1) have already been characterized as components of F. herrerae, F. glaucescens [22], Rhus coriaria [36], R. occidentalis [47], Papaya [50], Eucalyptus [66], Jatropha [68], and Actinidia [70]. These acids were tentatively identified in the extracts from berries of L. caerulea.…”

“…The hydroxy methoxy dimethylbenzoic acid (compound 53 in Table 1), 2,3,4,5,6pentahydroxybenzoic acid (compound 54 in Table 1), methylgallic acid (compound 51 in Table 1), 2,4,6-trihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid (compound 57 in Table 1), ellagic acid (compound 58 in Table 1), and 6-hydroxy-3-methoxy-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (compound 59 in Table 1) have already been characterized as components of F. herrerae, F. glaucescens [22], Rhus coriaria [36], R. occidentalis [47], Papaya [50], Eucalyptus [66], Jatropha [68], and Actinidia [70]. These acids were tentatively identified in the extracts from berries of L. caerulea.…”

Review on Medicinal Properties of Jatropha gossypiifolia L.

“…Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are commonly used to control Alzheimers disease, owing to the cholinergic hypothesis. J. gossypiifolia had an important antitumoral effect, with an IC50 of 0.08 mg/ml in a methanol extract of leaves [28,29]. Another study found that solubilized plant rubber had the capacity to suppress moment section provisionally butyrylcholinesterase complex sensitive tissue in Dhal marulius, an aquatic plane species.…”