Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil and extracts from Ocimum sanctum

Abstract

The objective of the present research work was to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimalarial activities of essential oil and various extracts from O. sanctum. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the following major compounds with their quantification as: eugenol (22.0%), β-elemene (19.2%), β-caryophyllene (19.1%), and Germacrene D (5.03%). HPLC analysis of O. sanctum extracts revealed that gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumeric acid, sinapic acid, and ferulic acid were the important phenolic acids. The methanol extract exhibited highest level of total phenolic (1.36 g/100 g dry plant material) and total flavonoid (0.67 g/100 g dry plant material) followed by ethanol and n-hexane extracts. The oil and extracts exhibited excellent free radical scavenging potential as measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical free radicalscavenging ability, and antioxidant activity as measured by inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. Essential oil, n-hexane, methanol, and ethanol extracts exhibited moderate antimalarial potential in term of anti-haem biocrystallization activity. In the resazurin microtitre plate and disc diffusion assays, the essential oil of O. sanctum showed better antibacterial activity than various extracts. The results of the present investigation demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) variations in the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antimalarial activities of essential oil and extracts from O. sanctum.

Chemical constituents and biological activities of essential oil from Mentha longifolia: effects of different extraction methods

“…Then, the supernatants were mixed, filtered, and evaporated n-hexane under reduced pressure. [12] The extraction was performed three times and the yield of EO was calculated according to formula 1 [13] as follows:…”

Antibacterial and free radical scavenging activity of a medicinal plant Solanum xanthocarpum

“…Mass spectra were taken at 70 eV. [28,29] Statistical analysis All data were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 20.0 software.…”

Variability in essential oil content and composition of Ocimum ciliatum accessions from Iran: evidence for three chemotypes

“…Five accessions (6,8,14,27,28) belonged to this chemotype and consisted 18% of studied accessions. This chemotype was characterized by a high content of citral, which ranged from 44.5 to 50.7%; also, β-elemene, methyl eugenol, trans-β-farnesene, and γ-cadinene were other major components in this chemotype.…”

“…[2,3] The Ocimum species are a source of valuable essential oils that comprise a complex mixture of monoterpenoids (carvone, cineole, fenchone, geraniol, linalool, myrcene, and thujone), sesquiterpenoids (caryophyllene and farnesol), a triterpenoid (ursolic acid), and phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids). [4][5][6] Basil essential oil contains the biological active constituents that possess antiallergic, antimicrobial, antifungal, and immuno-stimulatory properties, thus are extensively used in pharmacy, perfume, cosmetic, and food industries.- [7][8][9] Basil essential oil compositions vary due to the leaf and flower colors, aroma, plant origin, and variation in chemotypes. [4,10] Depending on basil species some of them have high camphor content, while others contain citral, geraniol, methyl chavicol, methyl cinnamate, methyl eugenol, linalool, eugenol, and thymol.…”