Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of the Leaves of Cupressus macrocarpa Hartweg. ex Gordon

Abstract

Qualitative (GC-MS) and quantitative (GC-FID) analyses of the essential oil (EO) isolated from the leaves ofCupressus macrocarpa revealed the presence of fifteen components, and representing 86.43% of the total oil composition. Their identification was based on their retention times and mass spectral fragmentation patterns. α-terpineol (19.01%), camphenilone (9.78%), elemol (8.92%), 2-tridecanone (8.75%), α-terpinyl acetate (8.62%), 2-pentyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one (6.90%) and β-bisabolol (5.83%) represent major components. Agar diffusion method was conducted to test the antimicrobial activity of the EO against eight pathogenic strains, including gram positive (+ve) and negative (-ve) bacteria and fungi. The obtained results showed inhibition zones with 10.5-21mm diameters, compared to Streptomycin and Nystatin.

Exploring the potential of using bioactive plant products in the management of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis: the causal agent of Bayoud disease on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

“…A large body of work has reported that the essential oils and extracts drawn from some Eucalyptus species showed a dose dependent antifungal activity against seven Fusarium species, namely, F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans, F. graminearum, and F. sporotrichioides [12,[25][26][27]. In addition, different species of the genus Cupressus had a strong antifungal effect against the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. culmorum, F. equisiti, F. verticillioides, F. nygamai, and F. subglutinans that was positively correlated with the applied dose [11,28,29]. There is a general consensus that the antifungal effect of plants might be associated with their content of secondary metabolites.…”

“…The roles of these bioactive compounds include inducing plant defence system against pathogen attacks during which their concentration in plants depends on pathosystem and environmental conditions [10]. Previous studies have reported that plant-derived products from members of the genera Acacia, Cupressus, Eucalyptus, Nerium, and Schinus possess strong antifungal activities against a broad spectrum of plant pathogenic fungi [10][11][12][13][14]. Species of these botanical groups are widely distributed worldwide, including date palm-growing areas in Morocco, which present a great potential for their use in the management of Bayoud disease.…”

There Is Not Only Cupressus sempervirens L.: A Review on the Phytochemistry and Bioactivities of the Other Cupressus L. Species

“…Greece (wild population) Aerial parts HD, GC-FID, GC-MS α-thujene, α-pinene, camphene, sabinene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-phellandrene, δ-3-carene, α-terpinene, p-cymene, limonene, γ-terpinene, cis-sabinene hydrate, terpinolene, linalool, trans-sabinene hydrate, n-nonanal, 1,3,8-p-menthatriene, trans-thujone, cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol, trans-p-menth-2-en-1-ol, citronellal, borneol, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, trans-piperitol, citronellol, thymol methyl ether, carvone, piperitone, bornyl acetate, carvacrol, geranyl acetate, β-elemene, (E)-caryophyllene, germacrene D, β-selinene, δ-cadinene, germacrene B, (E)-nerolidol, cedrol, epi-α-cadinol, epi-α-muurolol, α-bisabolol, pimaradiene, iso-phyllocladene, abietatriene, abietadiene, sempervirol, phyllocladanol [27] Egypt (wild population) Leaves SE, LC, NMR, UV, HR-MS cupressuflavone [99] Egypt (wild population) Leaves HD, GC-MS terpinen-4-ol, sabinene, β-citronellol (only major compounds specified) [100] India (wild population) Leaves SE, PS carbohydrates, glycosides, sterols, saponins, phenolics, tannins, flavonoids (exact compounds not specified) [101] Egypt (wild population) Leaves HD, GC-MS terpinen-4-ol, sabinene, β-citronellol (only major compounds identified) [102] Mauritius (wild population) Leaves HD, GC-MS α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, camphene, sabinene, γ-terpinene, cymene, α-terpineol, thujone, carvacrol, β-caryophyllene, aromadendrene, δ-cadinene, germacrene, γ-muurolene, cedrol, bornyl acetate [103] Lebanon (wild population) Leaves HD, GC-FID, GC-MS α-thujene, α-pinene, camphene, sabinene, myrcene, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, p-cymene, sylvestrene, γ-terpinene, cis-sabinene hydrate, terpinolene, trans-sabinene hydrate, linalool, cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol, trans-p-menth-2-en-1-ol, camphor, citronellal, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, cis-piperitol, trans-piperitol, citronellol, 2-undecanone, citronellic acid, farnesol, iso-phyllocladene [104] Egypt (wild population) Leaves HD, GC-FID, GC-MS camphene, p-cymene, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, α-terpineol, α-terpinyl acetate, (−)-δ-elemene, elemol, (E)-santaline, dendrolasin, β-bisabolol, camphenilone, iso-phyllocladene, 2-tridecanone [105] Egypt (wild population) Leaves SE, PP, UV, HPLC-UV, NMR, HR-MS cupressuflavone [106] Egypt (wild population) Leaves HD, GC-MS terpinen-4-ol, sabinene, β-citronellol, γ-terpinene, camphor, α-terpinene plus others not specified [107] Egypt (wild population) Branchlets HD, GC-FID, GC-MS thujene, α-myrcene, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, m-cymene, limonene, terpinolene, γ-terpinene, α-linalool, trans-2-menthenol, D-camphor, citronellal, borneol, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, piperitol, α-citronellol, citronellic acid, farnesol [108] Mauritius (wild population) Leaves HD, GC-MS α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, γ-terpinene, germacrene, cedrol [109] Egypt (wild population) Leaves HD, GC-MS terpinen-4-ol, sabinene, β-citronellol, γ-terpinene, camphor, α-terpinene (only major compounds identified) [110] Table 1. Cont.…”

“…The essential oil from its leaves collected in Lebanon exerts good antimicrobial properties against Trichophyton rubrum SNB-TR1, Trichophyton mentagrophytes SNB-TM1, Trichophyton soudanense SNB-TS1, Trichophyton violaceum SNB-TV1 and Trichophyton tonsurans SNB-TT1 with MIC values of 64, 64, 32, 32 and 64 µg/mL, respectively [104]. The essential oil from the leaves of this species collected in Egypt exhibit promising concentration dependent effects against Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum NRRL 28184, Aspergillus niger NRRL 599, Candida albicans NRRLY-477, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NRRLB-23, Staphylococcus aureus NRRLB-313, Escherichia coli NRRLB-210 and Bacillus subtilis NRRL-543 with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 10.5 to 21 mm [105]. The essential oil from the leaves collected in Egypt exerts good toxic effects on Culex pipiens adults after 24 and 48 h of exposure with LC 50 values of 0.12 and 0.11 mg/L, respectively.…”

Elucidation of Phytochemical Content of Cupressus macrocarpa Leaves: In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Effect against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates

“…C. macrocarpa leaves and branchlets are rich in essential oils [5,6] composed mainly of monoterpenes and traces of sesquiterpenes [7] as well as diterpenes [8], flavonoids, biflavonoids [4,9], and other compounds. The diethyl ether extract is composed mainly of essential oil and non-volatile components, e.g., diterpenes and diterpenoids [10].…”