Chemical Components, Variation, and Source Identification of PM1 during the Heavy Air Pollution Episodes in Beijing in December 2016

Zhang, Yangmei; Wang, Yaqiang; Zhang, Xiaoye; Shen, Xiaojing; Sun, Junying; Wu, Lingyan; Zhang, Zhouxiang; Che, Haochi

doi:10.1007/s13351-018-7051-8

Cited by 30 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The three SNA components together accounted for 52.8% and 66.2% of the total PM 2.5 mass concentrations in the two haze events. The higher proportion of nitrate in PM 2.5 than that of sulfate is in accordance with recent observations during other winter haze periods in China (Shao et al, ; Zhang et al, , ). They emphasized that the PM 2.5 characteristics had changed obviously since the enacting of Clean Air Action Plan in 2013, and that the contribution from mobile sources had increased and the contribution from coal combustion had decreased.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Formation and Evolution Mechanisms for Two Extreme Haze Episodes in the Yangtze River Delta Region of China During Winter 2016

Wang

Xie

et al. 2019

JGR Atmospheres

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Severe haze pollution frequently occurred in China during winter. Mechanisms for the formation and evolution of high PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less) episodes, however, remain poorly understood. We characterize two extreme haze episodes in the Yangtze River Delta region of China from 1 to 9 December (Episode I) and 19 to 24 December (Episode II) in 2016 using comprehensive measurements and model analyses. The aqueous sulfur dioxide (SO2) oxidation catalyzed by mineral ions and the heterogeneous uptakes of SO2, sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen trioxide (NO3), nitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), and nitric acid (HNO3) on mineral aerosols are included in the model to better represent the formation of sulfate‐nitrate‐ammonium. The optimized mechanisms substantially improve the simulations of PM2.5 composition, particularly for sulfate and nitrate. The two episodes show different synoptic conditions and evolution stages, with gradual PM2.5 increase under stagnant weather conditions in Episode I (Stage I: Slow Increase Stage, Stage II: Rapid Formation Stage, and Stage III: Dissipation Stage) and with explosive PM2.5 increase mostly associated with cross‐border transport from North China in Episode II (Stage I′: Clean Stage, Stage II′: Fast Transport Stage, and Stage III′: Clear Stage). The concentrations of sulfate‐nitrate‐ammonium increased evidently and became the key components of PM2.5 during haze episodes. The heterogeneous conversion from SO2 to sulfate on mineral aerosols is the main reason for sulfate increase, accounting for more than 50% of sulfate production. This study provides a better understanding of the causes for winter haze in China.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Formation and Evolution Mechanisms for Two Extreme Haze Episodes in the Yangtze River Delta Region of China During Winter 2016

Wang

Xie

et al. 2019

JGR Atmospheres

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“…The percentages of HULIS C in WSOC for summer, autumn, winter, and spring, respectively, were 66.7 % ± 5.4 %, 54.1 % ± 11.2 %, 62.3 % ± 5.7 %, and 56.6 % ± 6.3 %, with an annual average of 59.5 % ± 9.2 %, suggesting that HULIS C was the major constituent of WSOC. This value is comparable to the results (about 60 %) at urban sites in the PRD region (Lin et al, 2010b;Fan et al, 2012), Shanghai (Zhao et al, 2015), South Korea (Park et al, 2012), Budapest (Salma et al, 2007(Salma et al, , 2010, and high-alpine areas of Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (Krivácsy et al, 2001). However, it is higher than the rural areas in K-puszta, Hungary (Salma et al, 2010), and the northeastern US (Pavlovic and Hopke, 2012).…”

Section: General Characteristics Of Ambient Aerosolsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…This value is lower than the average value of 11.8 µg m −3 measured at a rural site in the PRD region that was heavily influenced by biomass burning (Lin et al, 2010b). However, it is higher than those measurements in the urban areas (about 5 µg m −3 in the PRD; Lin et al, 2010a;Kuang et al, 2015), urban Shanghai (about 4 µg m −3 ; Zhao et al, 2015), and urban Lanzhou (about 4.7 µg m −3 ; Tan et al, 2016). HULIS exhibited obvious seasonal variations as shown in Fig.…”

Section: General Characteristics Of Ambient Aerosolcontrasting

confidence: 59%

Quantifying primary and secondary humic-like substances in urban aerosol based on emission source characterization and a source-oriented air quality model

Han

Hopke

et al. 2019

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Humic-like substances (HULIS) are a mixture of high-molecular-weight, water-soluble organic compounds that are widely distributed in atmospheric aerosol. Their sources are rarely studied quantitatively. Biomass burning is generally accepted as a major primary source of ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) with additional secondary material formed in the atmosphere. However, the present study provides direct evidence that residential coal burning is also a significant source of ambient HULIS, especially in the heating season in northern China based on source measurements, ambient sampling and analysis, and apportionment with source-oriented CMAQ modeling. Emission tests show that residential coal combustion produces 5 % to 24 % of the emitted organic carbon (OC) as HULIS carbon (HULISc). Estimation of primary emissions of HULIS in Beijing indicated that residential biofuel and coal burning contribute about 70 % and 25 % of annual primary HULIS, respectively. Vehicle exhaust, industry, and power plant contributions are negligible. The average concentration of ambient HULIS in PM2.5 was 7.5 µg m−3 in urban Beijing and HULIS exhibited obvious seasonal variations with the highest concentrations in winter. HULISc accounts for 7.2 % of PM2.5 mass, 24.5 % of OC, and 59.5 % of water-soluble organic carbon. HULIS are found to correlate well with K+, Cl−, sulfate, and secondary organic aerosol, suggesting its sources include biomass burning, coal combustion, and secondary aerosol formation. Source apportionment based on CMAQ modeling shows residential biofuel and coal burning and secondary formation are important sources of ambient HULIS, contributing 47.1 %, 15.1 %, and 38.9 %, respectively.

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“…The percentages of HULIS C in WSOC for summer, autumn, winter, and spring, respectively, were 66.7 % ± 5.4 %, 54.1 % ± 11.2 %, 62.3 % ± 5.7 %, and 56.6 % ± 6.3 %, with an annual average of 59.5 % ± 9.2 %, suggesting that HULIS C was the major constituent of WSOC. This value is comparable to the results (about 60 %) at urban sites in the PRD region (Lin et al, 2010b;Fan et al, 2012), Shanghai (Zhao et al, 2015), South Korea (Park et al, 2012), Budapest (Salma et al, 2007(Salma et al, , 2008(Salma et al, , 2010, and high-alpine areas of Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (Krivácsy et al, 2001). However, it is higher than the rural areas in K-puszta, Hungary (Salma et al, 2010), and the northeastern US (Pavlovic and Hopke, 2012).…”

Section: General Characteristics Of Ambient Aerosolsupporting

confidence: 88%

Response to Referee #1

Li¹

2018

Preprint

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Humic-like substances (HULIS) are a mixture of high-molecular-weight, water-soluble organic compounds that are widely distributed in atmospheric aerosol. Their sources are rarely studied quantitatively. Biomass burning is generally accepted as a major primary source of ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) with additional secondary material formed in the atmosphere. However, the present study provides direct evidence that residential coal burning is also a significant source of ambient HULIS, especially in the heating season in northern China based on source measurements, ambient sampling and analysis, and apportionment with source-oriented CMAQ modeling. Emission tests show that residential coal combustion produces 5 % to 24 % of the emitted organic carbon (OC) as HULIS carbon (HULISc). Estimation of primary emissions of HULIS in Beijing indicated that residential biofuel and coal burning contribute about 70 % and 25 % of annual primary HULIS, respectively. Vehicle exhaust, industry, and power plant contributions are negligible. The average concentration of ambient HULIS in PM 2.5 was 7.5 µg m −3 in urban Beijing and HULIS exhibited obvious seasonal variations with the highest concentrations in winter. HULISc accounts for 7.2 % of PM 2.5 mass, 24.5 % of OC, and 59.5 % of water-soluble organic carbon. HULIS are found to correlate well with K + , Cl − , sulfate, and secondary organic aerosol, suggesting its sources include biomass burning, coal combustion, and secondary aerosol formation. Source apportionment based on CMAQ modeling shows residential biofuel and coal burning and secondary formation are important sources of ambient HULIS, contributing 47.1 %, 15.1 %, and 38.9 %, respectively.

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Chemical Components, Variation, and Source Identification of PM1 during the Heavy Air Pollution Episodes in Beijing in December 2016

Cited by 30 publications

References 44 publications

Formation and Evolution Mechanisms for Two Extreme Haze Episodes in the Yangtze River Delta Region of China During Winter 2016

Formation and Evolution Mechanisms for Two Extreme Haze Episodes in the Yangtze River Delta Region of China During Winter 2016

Quantifying primary and secondary humic-like substances in urban aerosol based on emission source characterization and a source-oriented air quality model

Response to Referee #1

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