Chemical Aspects of Reinforcement

Watson, J. W.

doi:10.5254/1.3542742

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, the mechanical properties of CB–CR/ENR blends increased with increasing CB loading. Watson suggested that at least two different kinds of active sites exist on the surface of CB. One type can react with rubber‐free radical formed during milling.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of carbon black on self-crosslinking network structure of polychloroprene rubber and epoxidized natural rubber blends

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2015

Polym. Compos.

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The goal of this research is to improve poor network structure of polychloroprene rubber (CR)/epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) self-crosslinking blends, which could substitute traditional vulcanizates in some application area. Carbon black (CB)-CR/ENR blends were prepared by reacting CR with ENR in the presence of CB. The structure of CR/ENR blends was characterized by attenuated total-reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR). The effect of CB loading on curing characterization and mechanical properties of CR/ENR blends was investigated, and the interaction among CR, ENR, and CB was studied using differential scanning calorimetry. The effect of CB loading on the Payne effect of CR/ENR was investigated using rubber process analyzer. Scanning electron microscope was used to characterize the morphology of CB-CR/ENR blends. The results showed that CR/ENR blends were obtained by the ring-opening reaction of epoxy groups in ENR and chlorine groups in CR. Mechanical properties of CR/ENR blends increased with the increase of CB loading. The Payne effect of CR/ENR became more remarkable with increasing CB loading. Morphology study indicated that interfacial compatibility between CR and ENR increased with the increase of CB loading because CB could strengthen the self-crosslinking network structure of CR/ENR blends. The promoting effect of CB on selfcrosslinking reaction was verified by the assessment of crosslink density. POLYM. COMPOS., 00:000-000, 2015.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of carbon black on self-crosslinking network structure of polychloroprene rubber and epoxidized natural rubber blends

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2015

Polym. Compos.

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“…In a 1957 paper, Watson referred to the carbon black reinforcement of elastomers and stated, “Some workers believe that the mechanism is at least partly chemical, whereas others claim that it is entirely physical in nature” [ 41 ]. The same statement can be made today, 64 years later.…”

Section: Structural and Chemical Characteristics Of Carbon Blackmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nature of Carbon Black Reinforcement of Rubber: Perspective on the Original Polymer Nanocomposite

Robertson¹,

Hardman

2021

Polymers

138

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Adding carbon black (CB) particles to elastomeric polymers is essential to the successful industrial use of rubber in many applications, and the mechanical reinforcing effect of CB in rubber has been studied for nearly 100 years. Despite these many decades of investigations, the origin of stiffness enhancement of elastomers from incorporating nanometer-scale CB particles is still debated. It is not universally accepted whether the interactions between polymer chains and CB surfaces are purely physical adsorption or whether some polymer–particle chemical bonds are also introduced in the process of mixing and curing the CB-filled rubber compounds. We review key experimental observations of rubber reinforced with CB, including the finding that heat treatment of CB can greatly reduce the filler reinforcement effect in rubber. The details of the particle morphology and surface chemistry are described to give insights into the nature of the CB–elastomer interfaces. This is followed by a discussion of rubber processing effects, the influence of CB on crosslinking, and various chemical modification approaches that have been employed to improve polymer–filler interactions and reinforcement. Finally, we contrast various models that have been proposed for rationalizing the CB reinforcement of elastomers.

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Use of ESR to investigate formation of free radicals on compounding rubbers with carbon blacks

Jamróz

Kozłowski

Sieniakowski

et al. 1977

J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed.

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An ESR method was used to investigate the formation of free radicals during rubber mastication and filling of rubber with various carbon blacks. The ESR spectra of natural rubber and styrenebutadiene rubber with various carbon blacks are of a complex character. A narrow component line is superimposed on the much broader signal line of carbon black. The changes in this narrow spectral line with plasticization time and with carbon black content in the rubber–filler system result from interactions between the rubber macromolecules and filler particles.

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Chemical Aspects of Reinforcement

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of carbon black on self-crosslinking network structure of polychloroprene rubber and epoxidized natural rubber blends

Effect of carbon black on self-crosslinking network structure of polychloroprene rubber and epoxidized natural rubber blends

Nature of Carbon Black Reinforcement of Rubber: Perspective on the Original Polymer Nanocomposite

Use of ESR to investigate formation of free radicals on compounding rubbers with carbon blacks

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