Chemical and nanostructural characteristics of the particulate matter produced by renewable diesel fuel in an automotive diesel engine

Cadrazco, Marlon; Santamarı́a, Alexander; Agudelo, John R.

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.02.010

Cited by 54 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…The results are in a good agreement with previous literature, which reported primary soot particles with diameter in the range between 20-25 nm (Barone et al, 2012) and smaller sizes down to 16 nm (Mathis et al, 2004;Gaddam and Vander Wal et al, 2013) for gasoline exhaust particles. A slight decrease in the primary particles size with increasing temperature was observed, in agreement with recent studies (Cadrazco et al, 2019). It has been shown that the engine load has no effect on soot morphology (Lapuerta et al, 2020) as many other parameters may favor opposite trends and compensate each other.…”

Section: Off-line Analysis: Tem and Xpssupporting

confidence: 91%

Technical note: Emission factors, chemical composition and morphology of particles emitted from Euro 5 diesel and gasoline light duty vehicles during transient cycles

Kostenidou¹,

Martinez-Valiente²,

R’Mili³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Changes in engine technologies and after-treatment devices can profoundly alter the chemical composition of the emitted pollutants. To investigate these effects, we characterized the chemical composition of particles emitted from three diesel and four gasoline Euro 5 light duty vehicles on a chassis dynamometer facility. Black carbon (BC) was the dominant emitted species with emission factors (EFs) varying from 0.2 to 7.1 mg km−1 for gasoline cars and 0.003 to 0.08 mg km−1 for diesel cars. For gasoline cars, the organic matter (OM) EFs varied from 5 to 103 µg km−1 for direct injection (GDI) vehicles, and from 1 to 8 µg km−1 for port fuel injection (PFI) vehicles, while for the diesel cars it ranged between 0.15 and 65 µg km−1. Cold-start cycles and more specifically the first minutes of the cycle, contributed the largest fraction of the PM including BC, OM and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). More than 40 PAHs, including methylated, nitro, oxygenated and amino PAHs were identified and quantified in both diesel and gasoline exhaust particles using an Aerodyne High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS). The PAHs emissions from the GDI technology were a factor of 4 higher compared to the vehicles equipped with a PFI system during the cold start cycle, while the nitro-PAHs fraction was much more appreciable in the GDI emissions. For two of the three diesel vehicles the PAHs emissions were close to the detection limit, but for one, which presented an after-treatment device failure, the average PAHs EF was 2.04 µg km−1. Emissions of nanoparticles (below 30 nm), mainly composed by ammonium bisulfate, were measured during the passive regeneration of the catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) vehicle. TEM images confirmed the presence of ubiquitous nanometric metal inclusions into soot particles emitted from the diesel vehicle equipped with a fuel borne catalyst – diesel particulate filter (FBC-DPF). XPS analysis of the particles emitted by the PFI car revealed both the presence of heavy elements (Ti, Zn, Ca, Si, P, Cl), and disordered soot surface with a significant concentration of carbon radical defects having possible consequences on both chemical reactivity and particle toxicity. Our findings show that different after-treatment technologies have an important effect on the level and the chemical composition of the emitted particles. In addition, this research highlights the importance of the particle filter devices condition and their regular checking.

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Section: Off-line Analysis: Tem and Xpssupporting

confidence: 91%

Technical note: Emission factors, chemical composition and morphology of particles emitted from Euro 5 diesel and gasoline light duty vehicles during transient cycles

Kostenidou¹,

Martinez-Valiente²,

R’Mili³

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The results showed that the particles from these two oils had higher chemical heterogeneity and a more irregular lattice structure than the diesel particles. Cadrazco et al 37 examined the oxidation activity and microstructure of a renewable fuel via Raman spectroscopy and other tests. They found that as the proportion of renewable fuel in the diesel increased, the degree of PM graphitization continuously increased and the oxidation activity decreased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Nonthermal Plasma on Microstructure and Oxidation Characteristics of Particulate Matter

Cai

Shi

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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To investigate the effect of nonthermal plasma (NTP) on the microstructure and oxidation characteristics of particulate matter (PM) from diesel engines at different oxidation stages, a self-designed NTP reactor was used to conduct a timevarying oxidation test on PM samples. The oxidized PM samples were analyzed via thermogravimetric analysis and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicated that the effect of NTP could allow the elemental carbon (EC) to more easily start ignition. The oxidation activity of the EC decreased when the action time of the NTP was less than 5 min. Conversely, when the NTP action time was more than 5 min, the EC oxidation activity gradually increased. When the NTP was active for more than 10 min, it rapidly reacted with the EC, and the oxidation priority of the volatile fraction was higher than that of the EC. During the oxidation process, there are many forms of carbon structures in the particles and they have a mutual transmission relationship. The variation trend of the graphitization degree was consistent with that of the thermogravimetric results, indicating that the degree of graphitization directly affected the PM oxidation activity.

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“…As reported, the G peak is generated via a stretching process of E 2g symmetry at sp 2 sites, representing ideal graphitic lattices. 49 The D3 band is a representation of the vibration of the amorphous carbon. 29 Correspondingly, I D1 /I G (intensity ratio of the D1 band to the G band) and A D1 /A G (area ratio of the D1 band to the G band) are used to represent the degree of graphitization and the degree of disorder for particles, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of n-Hexanol Blending on Morphology, Nanostructure, Graphitization, and Oxidation Characteristics of Diesel Particles

Wang

et al. 2020

Energy Fuels

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As a promising alternative fuel with favorable properties and attractive prospects, the application of n-hexanol in diesel engines has aroused the interest of researchers. This study investigated the effects of mixing with n-hexanol on the morphology, nanostructure, graphitization, and oxidation reactivity of soot particles generated from a diesel engine. Experiments were performed on a turbocharged, four-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine fueled with D100 (neat diesel fuel), DH15 (15% nhexanol and 85% diesel, v/v), and DH30 (30% n-hexanol and 70% diesel, v/v), respectively. Under the constant torque of 125 N•m, two typical speeds of 1370 and 2150 rpm were selected. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize particulate samples. TEM images showed that DH15 and DH30 particles had smaller primary particle diameters in comparison with neat diesel particles. Moreover, with the increase of the nhexanol content in mixtures, the interlayer distance increased, indicating a more disordered nanostructure. RS results showed that soot samples generated from n-hexanol/diesel blended fuels had a lower degree of graphitization with larger I D1 /I G and A D1 /A G and more amorphous carbon with larger I D3 /I G and A D3 /A G . Based on TGA, it can be deduced that the DH30 soot sample obtained at the engine speed of 1370 rpm was easier to be oxidized in the DPF regeneration process for an 8.23% reduction in T max compared with D100 soot. Furthermore, activation energy of soots sampled at the engine speed of 2150 rpm decreased from 123.0 kJ/mol for D100 soot, to 109.6 kJ/mol for DH15 soot, and to 101.2 kJ/mol for DH30 soot, respectively. Regarding the effect of engine speeds on physicochemical characteristics of particles, results showed that the soot has higher oxidation activity under higher engine speed.

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Chemical and nanostructural characteristics of the particulate matter produced by renewable diesel fuel in an automotive diesel engine

Cited by 54 publications

References 91 publications

Technical note: Emission factors, chemical composition and morphology of particles emitted from Euro 5 diesel and gasoline light duty vehicles during transient cycles

Technical note: Emission factors, chemical composition and morphology of particles emitted from Euro 5 diesel and gasoline light duty vehicles during transient cycles

Effects of Nonthermal Plasma on Microstructure and Oxidation Characteristics of Particulate Matter

Impact of n-Hexanol Blending on Morphology, Nanostructure, Graphitization, and Oxidation Characteristics of Diesel Particles

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