Technical note: Emission factors, chemical composition and morphology of particles emitted from Euro 5 diesel and gasoline light duty vehicles during transient cycles

Abstract

Abstract. Changes in engine technologies and after-treatment devices can profoundly alter the chemical composition of the emitted pollutants. To investigate these effects, we characterized the chemical composition of particles emitted from three diesel and four gasoline Euro 5 light duty vehicles on a chassis dynamometer facility. Black carbon (BC) was the dominant emitted species with emission factors (EFs) varying from 0.2 to 7.1 mg km−1 for gasoline cars and 0.003 to 0.08 mg km−1 for diesel cars. For gasoline cars, the organic matter (OM) EFs varied from 5 to 103 µg km−1 for direct injection (GDI) vehicles, and from 1 to 8 µg km−1 for port fuel injection (PFI) vehicles, while for the diesel cars it ranged between 0.15 and 65 µg km−1. Cold-start cycles and more specifically the first minutes of the cycle, contributed the largest fraction of the PM including BC, OM and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). More than 40 PAHs, including methylated, nitro, oxygenated and amino PAHs were identified and quantified in both diesel and gasoline exhaust particles using an Aerodyne High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS). The PAHs emissions from the GDI technology were a factor of 4 higher compared to the vehicles equipped with a PFI system during the cold start cycle, while the nitro-PAHs fraction was much more appreciable in the GDI emissions. For two of the three diesel vehicles the PAHs emissions were close to the detection limit, but for one, which presented an after-treatment device failure, the average PAHs EF was 2.04 µg km−1. Emissions of nanoparticles (below 30 nm), mainly composed by ammonium bisulfate, were measured during the passive regeneration of the catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) vehicle. TEM images confirmed the presence of ubiquitous nanometric metal inclusions into soot particles emitted from the diesel vehicle equipped with a fuel borne catalyst – diesel particulate filter (FBC-DPF). XPS analysis of the particles emitted by the PFI car revealed both the presence of heavy elements (Ti, Zn, Ca, Si, P, Cl), and disordered soot surface with a significant concentration of carbon radical defects having possible consequences on both chemical reactivity and particle toxicity. Our findings show that different after-treatment technologies have an important effect on the level and the chemical composition of the emitted particles. In addition, this research highlights the importance of the particle filter devices condition and their regular checking.

Contribution of traffic-originated nanoparticle emissions to regional and local aerosol levels

“…The selection of the CFD simulations of a diesel-fueled bus for determining chemical composition of particles was further elaborated by examining other related studies as well. Kostenidou et al (2021) measured chemical composition of particles emitted by different gasoline-and dieselfueled Euro 5 light-duty vehicles over different transient driving cycles on a dynamometer. Calculated from the reported EFs, the mass fractions of BC, SO 4 , and POA in the total aerosol were 0.58-0.98, 0.00-0.30, and 0.02-0.15, respectively.…”