Chemical and mechanical performance of flexible magnetic tape containing chromium dioxide

Bradshaw, Richard L.; Bhushan, Bharat; Kalthoff, C; Warne, M. A.

doi:10.1147/rd.302.0203

Cited by 28 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Some types of magnetic tapes contain chromium oxide particles which do affect the chemical degradation mechanisms. This has recently been reported by researchers at IBM [10] .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 65%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Prediction of the long term stability of polyester-based recording media

Smith¹,

Brown²,

Lowry³

1986

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This pulled tape off the take-up reel as well as off the supply reel and damaged the tape transport because the tension arms were suddenly released when the tape came off the takeup reel.A small amount of material was transferred from many aged tapes to the tape transport, even from tapes that were read successfully. These deposits were most conspicuous on the read and write heads but also were found at other 6 places along the tape path, particularly on the urethane rubber-coated capstan.A swab soaked in ethanol was used to clean the read and write heads after each piece of tape was tested and the whole tape path was cleaned after about ten tapes had been tested.Subsequent to the reading test, pieces were cut from an end of the tape for measurement of peel force and rolls and elongation for separation. Tapes that had been read successfully were reequilibrated as above, reweighed, and aged for another period. Peel Force MeasurementsThe adhesion of the binder layer to the PET support was measured by a somewhat different method than described in the previous report. bears against the non-magnetic side of the tape, so tackiness of the back coating is disastrous. Such tackiness was noticed when the tapes were loaded onto reels before the reading test because adjacent layers of the tape did not slide over one another. Other tapes have behaved somewhat similarly on a few occasions but they only followed the capstan part way around and then peeled off with an abrupt snap. Degradation products may have moved from the magnetic side to the back side of the adjacent layer making such tapes marginally tacky. Attempts to Rejuvenate TapeOne tape that failed after slight progress into the data block was completely read ten times after it had been hand wound so all of the data area had passed over the read and write heads, which were then cleaned. A substantial deposit had accumulated on the read and write heads. Wiping another failed tape with an alcohol soaked swab did not make it readable.Presumably the swab should also have removed deposits from the tape.About ten attempts were made to rejuvenate failed tapes by aging them at 85 and 60°C over a desiccant. Only one such tape became readable. Lifetime EstimatesTape lifetime, defined as the aging time associated with failure to be readable for 10 passes, lies in the interval between the end of the aging period at which a piece of tape was read ten times and the end of the subsequent aging period after which it could not be read ten times. Figure 9-18 show these intervals for aging at 85 and 60°C as horizontal bars, the ends of which show the interval described above. Results with other measured quantities 2% at 50% RH.Larger differences occur at higher humidities. Usually equilibration was slower with aged tapes and was particularly slow when excess water was desorbing. This is reflected in the longer bars through the symbols,1.e. the tapes were further from equilibrium. 3.5

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“…Some types of magnetic tapes contain chromium oxide particles which do affect the chemical degradation mechanisms. This has recently been reported by researchers at IBM [10] .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Tape lifetime, defined as the aging time associated with failure to be readable for 10 passes, lies in the interval between the end of the aging period at which a piece of tape was read ten times and the end of the subsequent aging period after which it could not be read ten times. Results with other measured quantities 2% at 50% RH.…”

Section: Lifetime Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of the long term stability of polyester-based recording media

Smith¹,

Brown²,

Lowry³

1986

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“…Some brands are far less stable than others, and it is difficult for collecting institutions to identify the unstable materials without thorough testing. Some experimental work has been performed to help clarify the stability of optical discs (Iraci 2005) and for magnetic tapes (Cuddihy 1980, Bertram and Cuddihy 1982, Bradshaw et al 1986, Smith 1991, Edge et al 1993, Baker 1995, Bigourdan et al 2006. However, the variety of formulations and proprietary recipes used to manufacture media make it difficult to determine the stability of different brands and formats, as well as the best storage parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cold Storage of CD, DVD, and VHS Tape Media

Iraci¹

2011

Restaurator

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Cool and cold or below freezing storage have been effective tools for preserving unstable information carriers such as acetate and color films. Modern information carriers such as optical discs and magnetic tapes can also be very unstable and might benefit from low temperature storage. Slowing the degradation of these materials safely would allow heritage institutions the time required to develop preservation plans and to transfer the information from the old format to a new one as equipment obsolescence begins to become an issue. This study examined temperatures lower than those recommended by storage standards in order to determine if damage to media would occur under these extreme conditions. Several brands of CDs, CD-Rs, CD-RWs, movie DVDs, DVD-Rs, and DVD-RWs, as well as new and old VHS (format) magnetic tapes were tested. Samples were exposed for 16 weeks to a stable storage environment of -20°C and a storage environment that fluctuated daily between room temperature and -20°C. It was determined by measuring error rate changes before and after below-freezing storage that most CDs and DVDs can withstand the experimental conditions without problems. However, certain low stability CD-Rs did suffer from an increase in error rate at freezing temperatures and should not be stored under these conditions. No physical damage such as delamination occurred under the test conditions. Although the results cannot be extrapolated to other formats of magnetic tape or to all VHS tapes in general, storage of the VHS tapes used in this study (dated 1990 to 2008) at freezing temperatures did not cause any problems. There was no appearance of any lubricant on the surface of the tape and no increase in dropouts or loss of recorded signal strength.

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“…There is evidence that Cr(VI) released from CrO2 oxidizes the polyurethane binders used in magnetic tapes [1]. Chromium dioxide (CrO2), because of its superior magnetic properties, is used in the manufacture of high fidelity audio and computer tapes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of chromium dioxide particles in aqueous media

Ali

Raghavan

Pritzker

1989

Colloid & Polymer Sci

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An investigation was carried out to characterize the dissolution behavior of stabilized and unstabilized CrO2 particles in water, used in magnetic recording. Special attention was paid to the measurement of Cr(VI) concentration in the contact solution and to the elucidation of the effects of the stabilizing treatment by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The experimental results indicate that both stabilized and unstabilized CrO2 particles predominantly release hexavalent chromium when in contact with water. The solubility of freshly stabilized CrO2 is considerably smaller than that ofunstabilized CrO2, but the difference in solubility diminishes with aged particles. The XPS study indicated that stabilization of 002 particles with a bisulfite solution results in the formation of Cr203 or a Cr203-like product on the particle. However, it appears that Cr(III) oxide coating does not uniformly form on all particles.

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Chemical and mechanical performance of flexible magnetic tape containing chromium dioxide

Cited by 28 publications

References 17 publications

Prediction of the long term stability of polyester-based recording media

Prediction of the long term stability of polyester-based recording media

The Cold Storage of CD, DVD, and VHS Tape Media

Stability of chromium dioxide particles in aqueous media

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