Chemical and Biological Properties of S-1-Propenyl-ʟ-Cysteine in Aged Garlic Extract

Kodera, Yukihioro; Ushijima, Mitsuyasu; Amano, Hiroko; Suzuki, Junichiro; Matsutomo, Toshiaki

doi:10.3390/molecules22040570

Cited by 67 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Briefly, AGE was manufactured according to the following steps: Originally grown raw garlic (A sativum L.) was cut into slices, immersed in aqueous ethanol, and extracted for >10 months at room temperature (12). The sulfur-containing amino acids, S1PC, SAC and SAMC, are produced during the aging process of raw garlic in 50% ethanol solution for >10 months (19). The purification and structure determination of sulfur compounds in AGE was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) systems as previously described (9).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfur‑containing amino acids in aged garlic extract inhibit inflammation in human gingival epithelial cells by suppressing intercellular adhesion molecule‑1 expression and IL‑6 secretion

Ohtani

Nishimura

2019

biom rep

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Aged garlic extract (AGE) contains various biologically active sulfur-containing amino acids, such as S-allylcysteine (SAC), S-1-propenylcysteine (S1PC) and S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC). These amino acids have been demonstrated to lower hypertension, improve atherosclerosis and enhance immunity through their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. It was recently reported that the administration of AGE alleviated gingivitis in a clinical trial. In this study, to gain insight into this effect of AGE, the authors examined whether AGE and the three above-mentioned sulfur compounds influence the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in inducing intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion in Ca9-22 human gingival epithelial cells. It was found that S1PC reduced the level of ICAM-1 protein induced by TNF-α possibly through post-translational levels without affecting the TNF-α-induced mRNA expression. However, SAC and SAMC had no effect. It was also confirmed the inhibitory effect of an antimicrobial peptide [human-β defensin-3 (hβD3)] and found that the inhibitory effects of hbD3 and S1PC were synergistic. On the other hand, the TNF-α-induced IL-6 secretion was attenuated by SAC and SAMC in a dose-dependent manner, whereas S1PC was ineffective. In addition, SAC and SAMC, but not S1PC inhibited the phosphorylation of the transcription factor nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), which is involved in the expression of inflammatory molecules, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effects of SAC and SAMC are mediated, at least partly, by NF-κB. On the whole, the findings of this study suggest that the three sulfur amino acids in AGE function synergistically in alleviating inflammation in human gingival epithelial cells.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfur‑containing amino acids in aged garlic extract inhibit inflammation in human gingival epithelial cells by suppressing intercellular adhesion molecule‑1 expression and IL‑6 secretion

Ohtani

Nishimura

2019

biom rep

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“…Garlic is considered an active and efficient anti‐ageing agent . A direct influence of garlic on atherosclerosis was already discussed , and their anti‐atherosclerotic effect attributed to its hypolipaemic activity .…”

Section: Major Medicinal Plants Used In Medication System As Anti‐agementioning

confidence: 99%

Brief Challenges on Medicinal Plants: An Eye‐Opening Look at Ageing‐Related Disorders

Bjørklund

Dadar

Martins

et al. 2018

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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Several studies have reported that nature-derived antioxidants may prevent free radicals over-production and therefore control the onset and prevent the exacerbation of different kinds of diseases caused by oxidative stress and redox-derived stressors, including ageing, fundamentally by suppressing the oxidative by-products-mediated degradation. Naturally derived antioxidants exert their anti-ageing action via a panoply of signalling systems, many of which engaging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species scavenging, with the Nrf2/Keap1-ARE system and improving the many survival genes and functions (such as the pathway mTOR/Foxo/SIRT1) able to slow cellular senescence. Most of the research in this field has evaluated the regulative effects and even pathways of herbal extracts with antioxidant property in the ageing process, and various age-related disorders such as cardiovascular disease, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, coronary and myocardial circulatory perfusion, peripheral vascular resistance, and even neurodegenerative disorders are prevented plant phytochemicals often via their antioxidant potential. A much more complex ability to interact with survival functions makes these compounds successfully active in preventing ageing-related disorders. This report aimed to discuss in more detail some selected medicinal plants including Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Crataegus spp., Cynara scolymus, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Ginkgo biloba, Hippophae rhamnoides, Panax ginseng, Rosmarinus officinalis, Schizandra chinensis, Vitis vinifera and seaweeds in the prevention of ageing-related pathologies. A systematic overview of the relevant information in the antioxidant function of the many herbal products reviewed here for the control of the ageing process is proposed, to provide a new horizon on the design of anti-ageing herbal medicines.

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“…In addition, AGE has been demonstrated to inhibit the lipid deposition [33] and in ammation in a mouse atherosclerosis model [20] and to protect endothelial cells against oxidative injury [34]. AGE contains various sulfur-containing constituents, such as S-1-propenylcysteine (S1PC), Sallylcysteine (SAC) and S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) [35,36], which are considered to be responsible for some of the pharmacological effects of AGE. S1PC has been shown to inhibit lipopolysaccharidedependent in ammatory response by activating autophagy and improve hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats [35,37,38].…”

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confidence: 99%

S-1-Propenylcysteine Improves TNF-α-Induced Vascular Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction by Suppressing the GEF-H1/RhoA/Rac Pathway

Kunimura

Miki

Takashima

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Vascular endothelial barrier function is maintained by cell-to-cell junctional proteins and contributes to vascular homeostasis. Various risk factors such as inflammation disrupt barrier function through down-regulation of these proteins and promote vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that aged garlic extract (AGE) and its sulfur-containing constituents exert the protective effects against several vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. In this study, we examined whether AGE and its sulfur-containing constituents improve the endothelial barrier dysfunction elicited by a pro-inflammatory cytokine, Tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and explored their mode of action on TNF-α signaling pathway.Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with test substances in the presence of TNF-α for various time periods. The endothelial permeability was measured by using a transwell permeability assay. The localization of cell-to-cell junctional proteins and actin cytoskeletons were visualized by immunostaining. RhoA and Rac activities were assessed by using GTP-binding protein pulldown assay. Gene and protein expression levels of signaling molecules were analyzed by real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. Results: We found that AGE and its major sulfur-containing constituent, S-1-propenylcysteine (S1PC), reduced hyperpermeability elicited by TNF-α in HUVECs. In addition, S1PC inhibited TNF-α-induced production of myosin light chain (MLC) kinase and inactivation of MLC phosphatase through the suppression of the Rac and RhoA signaling pathways, respectively, which resulted in the dephosphorylation of MLC2, a key factor of actin remodeling. Moreover, S1PC inhibited the phosphorylation and activation of guanine nucleotide exchange factor-H1 (GEF-H1), a common upstream key molecule and activator of Rac and RhoA. These effects of S1PC were accompanied by its ability to protect the disruption of junctional proteins on the cell-cell contact regions and the increase of actin stress fibers induced by TNF-α. Conclusions: The present study suggested that AGE and S1PC improve endothelial barrier disruption through the protection of junctional proteins on plasma membrane.

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Chemical and Biological Properties of S-1-Propenyl-ʟ-Cysteine in Aged Garlic Extract

Cited by 67 publications

References 95 publications

Sulfur‑containing amino acids in aged garlic extract inhibit inflammation in human gingival epithelial cells by suppressing intercellular adhesion molecule‑1 expression and IL‑6 secretion

Sulfur‑containing amino acids in aged garlic extract inhibit inflammation in human gingival epithelial cells by suppressing intercellular adhesion molecule‑1 expression and IL‑6 secretion

Brief Challenges on Medicinal Plants: An Eye‐Opening Look at Ageing‐Related Disorders

S-1-Propenylcysteine Improves TNF-α-Induced Vascular Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction by Suppressing the GEF-H1/RhoA/Rac Pathway

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