Cheek cell phospholipids in human infants: a marker of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids in the diet, plasma, and red blood cells

Connor, Sonja L.; Zhu, Ning; Anderson, Gregory J.; Hamill, Douglas; Jaffe, Elaine S.; Carlson, Judy; Connor, William E.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.1.21

Cited by 56 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The fat blends consisted of high-oleic safflower oil, soy oil, and coconut oil with or without the sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The levels of ARA and DHA in breast milk samples from a subset of women (Portland) whose infants were in the breastfed group were 0.48 Ϯ 0.10 and 0.15 Ϯ 0.09%, respectively, generally consistent with the levels of these fatty acids reported in many 23,28,[33][34][35] but not all 26 US studies published in recent years. There was no feeding intervention beyond the first year.…”

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confidence: 80%

Visual, Cognitive, and Language Assessments at 39 Months: A Follow-up Study of Children Fed Formulas Containing Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to 1 Year of Age

et al. 2003

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ABSTRACT. Objective. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids found in breast milk and recently added to infant formulas. Their importance in infant nutrition was recognized by the rapid accretion of these fatty acids in the brain during the first postnatal year, reports of enhanced intellectual development in breastfed children, and recognition of the physiologic importance of DHA in visual and neural systems from studies in animal models. These considerations led to clinical trials to evaluate whether infant formulas that are supplemented with DHA or both DHA and ARA would enhance visual and cognitive development or whether conversion of linoleic acid and ␣-linolenic acid, the essential fatty acid precursors of ARA and DHA, respectively, at the levels found in infant formulas is sufficient to support adequately visual and cognitive development. Visual and cognitive development were not different with supplementation in some studies, whereas other studies reported benefits of adding DHA or both DHA and ARA to formula. One of the first trials with term infants that were fed formula supplemented with DHA or both DHA and ARA evaluated growth, visual acuity (Visual Evoked Potential; Acuity Card Procedure), mental and motor development (Bayley Scales of Infant Development), and early language development (MacArthur Communicative Developmental Inventories). Growth, visual acuity, and mental and motor development were not different among the 3 formula groups or between the breastfed and formulafed infants in the first year of life. At 14 months of age, infants who were fed the formula with DHA but no ARA had lower vocabulary production and comprehension scores than infants who were fed the unsupplemented control formula or who were breastfed, respectively. The present follow-up study evaluated IQ, receptive and expressive vocabulary, visual-motor function, and visual acuity of children from the original trial when they reached 39 months of age.Methods. Infants were randomized within 1 week after birth and fed a control formula (n ‫؍‬ 65), one containing DHA (n ‫؍‬ 65), or one containing both ARA and DHA (n ‫؍‬ 66) to 1 year of age. A comparison group (n ‫؍‬ 80) was exclusively breastfed for at least 3 months after which the infants continued to be exclusively breastfed or were supplemented with and/or weaned to infant formula. At 39 months, standard tests of IQ (Stanford Binet IQ), receptive vocabulary (Peabody Picture Vocabulary TestRevised), expressive vocabulary (mean length of utterance), visual-motor function (Beery Visual-Motor Index), and visual acuity (Acuity Card Procedure) were administered. Growth, red blood cell fatty acid levels, and morbidity also were evaluated.Results. Results were analyzed using analysis of variance or linear regression models. The regression model for IQ, receptive and expressive language, and the visualmotor index controlled for site, birth weight, sex, maternal education, maternal age, and the child's age at testing. The regre...

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confidence: 80%

Visual, Cognitive, and Language Assessments at 39 Months: A Follow-up Study of Children Fed Formulas Containing Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to 1 Year of Age

et al. 2003

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“…Cheek cells have been used for noninvasive assessment of tissue omega-3 FA levels in infants 23 and adults. 24 In breastfed infants, EPAϩDHA accounted for 1.1% of total cheek cell phospholipid FAs; in adults, 0.9%.…”

Section: Cheek Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiac Biopsies From Heart Transplantation Patients

et al. 2004

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Background-Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) appear to reduce the risk of sudden death from myocardial infarction. This reduction is believed to occur via the incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into the myocardium itself, altering the dynamics of sodium and calcium channel function. The extent of incorporation has not been determined in humans. Methods and Results-We first determined the correlation between red blood cell (RBC) and cardiac omega-3 FA levels in 20 heart transplant recipients. We then examined the effects of 6 months of omega-3 FA supplementation (1 g responses among tissues were not significantly different). Conclusions-Although any of the tissues examined could serve as a surrogate for cardiac omega-3 FA content, RBC EPAϩDHA was highly correlated with cardiac EPAϩDHA; the RBC omega-3 response to supplementation was similar to that of the heart; RBCs are easily collected and analyzed; and they have a less variable FA composition than plasma. Therefore, RBC EPAϩDHA (also called the Omega-3 Index) may be the preferred surrogate for cardiac omega-3 FA status.

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“…Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as docosahexanoic acid (DHA,) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA,), have beneficial effects on human health through their effect on membrane fluidity and contribute to many aspects of health, including but not limited to, fetal development and prevention of cancer and obesity (Chapkin et al 2008;Connor et al 2000;Lagarde 2008;Li et al 2008;Siddiqui et al 2008;Valenzuela 2009). It is also established that these compounds downregulate inflammatory pathways that are known to be activated in chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, obesity and type 2 diabetes, among others (Wall et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth condition optimization for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production by Moritella marina MP-1

Kautharapu

Rathmacher

Jarboe

2012

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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The marine organism Moritella marina MP-1 produces the polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). While the basic metabolic pathway for DHA production in this organism has been identified, the impact of growth conditions on DHA production is largely unknown. This study examines the effect of supplemental carbon, nitrogen and salts, growth temperature and media composition and pH on DHA and biomass production and the fatty acid profile. The addition of supplemental nitrogen significantly increased the overall DHA titer via an increase in biomass production. Supplemental glucose or glycerol increased biomass production, but decreased the amount of DHA per biomass, resulting in no net change in the DHA titer. Acidification of the baseline media pH to 6.0 increased DHA per biomass. Changes in growth temperature or provision of supplemental sodium or magnesium chloride did not increase DHA titer. This organism was also shown to grow on defined minimal media. For both media types, glycerol enabled more DHA production per biomass than glucose. Combination of these growth findings into marine broth supplemented with glycerol, yeast extract, and tryptone at pH 6.0 resulted in a final titer of 82 Â± 5 mg/L, a nearly eightfold increase relative to the titer of 11 Â± 1 mg/L seen in the unsupplemented marine broth. The relative distribution of other fatty acids was relatively robust to growth condition, but the presence of glycerol resulted in a significant increase in myristic acid (C14:0) and decrease in palmitic acid (C16:0). In summary, DHA production by M. marina MP-1 can be increased more than fivefold by changing the growth media. Metabolic engineering of this organism to increase the amount of DHA produced per biomass could result in additional increases in titer. ABSTRACTThe marine organism Moritella marina MP-1 produces the polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). While the basic metabolic pathway for DHA production in this organism has been identified, the impact of growth conditions on DHA production is largely unknown. This study examines the effect of supplemental carbon, nitrogen and salts, growth temperature and media composition and pH on DHA and biomass production and the fatty acid profile. The addition of supplemental nitrogen significantly increased the overall DHA titer via an increase in biomass production. Supplemental glucose or glycerol increased biomass production, but decreased the amount of DHA per biomass, resulting in no net change in the DHA titer.Acidification of the baseline media pH to 6.0 increased DHA per biomass. Changes in growth temperature or provision of supplemental sodium or magnesium chloride did not increase DHA titer. This organism was also shown to grow on defined minimal media. For both media types, glycerol enabled more DHA production per biomass than glucose. Combination of these growth findings into marine broth supplemented with glycerol, yeast extract and tryptone at pH 6.0 resulted in a final titer of 82+5 mg/L, a nearly 8-fold increase...

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Cheek cell phospholipids in human infants: a marker of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids in the diet, plasma, and red blood cells

Abstract: Given these correlations and the ease and noninvasive nature of this technique, cheek cell fatty acids may serve as a marker of the essential fatty acid content, especially of DHA and arachidonic acid, in plasma, red blood cells, and the diet.

Cited by 56 publications

References 20 publications

Visual, Cognitive, and Language Assessments at 39 Months: A Follow-up Study of Children Fed Formulas Containing Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to 1 Year of Age

Visual, Cognitive, and Language Assessments at 39 Months: A Follow-up Study of Children Fed Formulas Containing Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to 1 Year of Age

Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiac Biopsies From Heart Transplantation Patients

Growth condition optimization for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production by Moritella marina MP-1

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