Charging Distributed Sensor Nodes Exploiting Clustering and Energy Trading

Evolutionary Beamforming Optimization for Radio Frequency Charging in Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks

“…RF chargers can be applied to simultaneously charge many devices equipped with RF energy harvesters to make device sustainable. Typical devices to be charged include wearable and implanted healthcare gadgets in wireless body area networks (WBANs) [ 4 ], and sensor nodes in wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs) [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”

“…Typical energy sources include solar power, thermal power, wind power, and RF power. Several studies [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ] assume that a WRSN sensor node is equipped with an RF energy harvester to harvest the energy emitted by RF chargers. The studies in [ 5 , 6 , 7 ] focus on the deployment optimization of RF chargers equipped with directional antennas.…”

“…The studies in [ 5 , 6 , 7 ] focus on the deployment optimization of RF chargers equipped with directional antennas. The studies in [ 8 , 9 , 10 ] investigate how to minimize the total time to charge all sensor nodes with mobile chargers equipped with directional or omni-directional antennas.…”

“…On the contrary, the antenna array can be used to swiftly adjust the effective charging region by the beamforming technology without moving the antenna. The existing research results [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ] assume RF chargers are attached with either directional antennas or omnidirectional antennas. To the best of our knowledge, no research has yet investigated applying antenna arrays to RF chargers for charging WRSN sensor nodes.…”

“…It can be applied to UCA beamforming optimization when collaborative antennas are arranged in the form of UCA. Also note that the existing schemes proposed in [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ] that use RF chargers are not compared with the proposed algorithms, as the algorithms can be applied to the schemes to improve their performance.…”