Charge versus sequence for nuclear/nucleolar localization of plant ribosomal proteins

Savada, Raghavendra P.; Bonham‐Smith, Peta C.

doi:10.1007/s11103-013-0017-4

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Likewise, none of the Pb PEs that also localized to the nucleus (nine of the 12) contain any recognized nuclear localization signals (NLSs). While it is possible that nuclear localization resulted from the overexpression and diffusion of Pb PE-GFP to the nucleus, as was seen for GFP alone ( Figure 2B ; Wang and Brattain, 2007 ), it is probable that the Pb PEs were either targeted through yet to be identified self-contained signals ( Savada and Bonham-Smith, 2013 ; Bourgeois et al, 2020 ; Tessier et al, 2020 ) or, due to the contiguous nature of the ER with the perinuclear membrane, localization resulted from the translocation or diffusion of Pb PE-GFPs from the ER lumen into the nucleus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Endomembrane-Targeting Plasmodiophora brassicae Effectors Modulate PAMP Triggered Immune Responses in Plants

et al. 2021

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Plasmodiophora brassicae is a devastating obligate, intracellular, biotrophic pathogen that causes clubroot disease in crucifer plants. Disease progression is regulated by effector proteins secreted by P. brassicae. Twelve P. brassicae putative effectors (PbPEs), expressed at various stages of disease development [0, 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post inoculation (DPI)] in Arabidopsis and localizing to the plant endomembrane system, were studied for their roles in pathogenesis. Of the 12 PbPEs, seven showed an inhibitory effect on programmed cell death (PCD) as triggered by the PCD inducers, PiINF1 (Phytophthora infestans Infestin 1) and PiNPP1 (P. infestans necrosis causing protein). Showing the strongest level of PCD suppression, PbPE15, a member of the 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and Fe (II)-dependent oxygenase superfamily and with gene expression during later stages of infection, appears to have a role in tumorigenesis as well as defense signaling in plants. PbPE13 produced an enhanced PiINF1-induced PCD response. Transient expression, in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves of these PbPEs minus the signal peptide (SP) (ΔspPbPEGFPs), showed localization to the endomembrane system, targeting the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi bodies and nucleo-cytoplasm, suggesting roles in manipulating plant cell secretion and vesicle trafficking. ΔspPbPE13GFP localized to plasma membrane (PM) lipid rafts with an association to plasmodesmata, suggesting a role at the cell-to-cell communication junction. Membrane relocalization of ΔspPbPE13GFP, triggered by flagellin N-terminus of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (flg22 – known to elicit a PAMP triggered immune response in plants), supports its involvement in raft-mediated immune signaling. This study is an important step in deciphering P. brassicae effector roles in the disruption of plant immunity to clubroot disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Endomembrane-Targeting Plasmodiophora brassicae Effectors Modulate PAMP Triggered Immune Responses in Plants

et al. 2021

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“…Integration of NoLS into the Tat BD. NoLSs facilitate the accumulation of proteins inside nucleoli via a charge-dependent mechanism, not a sequence-dependent mechanism (42,64,86,87); i.e., any positively charged region can potentially function as an NoLS. For example, core histones can accumulate inside nucleoli before their incorporation into chromatin or after their release from chromatin (86,(88)(89)(90), and it was demonstrated that histone H2B contains an NoLS in its N-terminal tail (86).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular coevolution of nuclear and nucleolar localization signals inside basic domain of HIV-1 Tat

Kurnaeva¹,

Zalevsky

Arifulin³

et al. 2021

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During evolution, viruses had to adapt to an increasingly complex environment of eukaryotic cells. Viral proteins that need to enter the cell nucleus or associate with nucleoli possess nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and nucleolar localization signals (NoLSs) for nuclear and nucleolar accumulation, respectively. As viral proteins are relatively small, acquisition of novel sequences seems to be a more complicated task for viruses than for eukaryotes. Here, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of the basic domain (BD) of HIV-1 Tat to show how viral proteins might evolve with NLSs and NoLSs without an increase in protein size. The HIV-1 Tat BD is involved in several functions, the most important being the transactivation of viral transcription. The BD also functions as an NLS, although it is substantially longer than a typical NLS. It seems that different regions in the BD could function as NLSs due to its enrichment with positively charged amino acids. Additionally, the high positive net charge inevitably causes the BD to function as an NoLS through a charge-specific mechanism. The integration of NLSs and NoLSs into functional domains enriched with positively charged amino acids might be a mechanism that allows the condensation of different functional sequences in small protein regions and, as a result, to reduce protein size, influencing the origin and evolution of NLSs and NoLSs in viruses.

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“…Posttranscriptional and translational regulation may also play a role in RPL23aA and RPL23aB expression [31]. Subcellular localization specialization could be another factor that causes differences in functional effects between paralogous RPs [32]. Previous studies revealed that both of RPL23aA and RPL23aB are targeted to the nucleolus with RPL23aA targeting being a bit more efficient than RPL23aB [10,19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabidopsis paralogous genes RPL23aA and RPL23aB encode functionally equivalent proteins

et al. 2020

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Background In plants, each ribosomal protein (RP) is encoded by a small gene family but it is largely unknown whether the family members are functionally diversified. There are two RPL23a paralogous genes (RPL23aA and RPL23aB) encoding cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Knock-down of RPL23aA using RNAi impeded growth and led to morphological abnormalities, whereas knock-out of RPL23aB had no observable phenotype, thus these two RPL23a paralogous proteins have been used as examples of ribosomal protein paralogues with functional divergence in many published papers. Results In this study, we characterized T-DNA insertion mutants of RPL23aA and RPL23aB. A rare non-allelic non-complementation phenomenon was found in the F1 progeny of the rpl23aa X rpl23ab cross, which revealed a dosage effect of these two genes. Both RPL23aA and RPL23aB were found to be expressed almost in all examined tissues as revealed by GUS reporter analysis. Expression of RPL23aB driven by the RPL23aA promoter can rescue the phenotype of rpl23aa, indicating these two proteins are actually equivalent in function. Interestingly, based on the publicly available RNA-seq data, we found that these two RPL23a paralogues were expressed in a concerted manner and the expression level of RPL23aA was much higher than that of RPL23aB at different developmental stages and in different tissues. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the two RPL23a paralogous proteins are functionally equivalent but the two genes are not. RPL23aA plays a predominant role due to its higher expression levels. RPL23aB plays a lesser role due to its lower expression. The presence of paralogous genes for the RPL23a protein in plants might be necessary to maintain its adequate dosage.

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Charge versus sequence for nuclear/nucleolar localization of plant ribosomal proteins

Cited by 18 publications

References 52 publications

Endomembrane-Targeting Plasmodiophora brassicae Effectors Modulate PAMP Triggered Immune Responses in Plants

Endomembrane-Targeting Plasmodiophora brassicae Effectors Modulate PAMP Triggered Immune Responses in Plants

Molecular coevolution of nuclear and nucleolar localization signals inside basic domain of HIV-1 Tat

Arabidopsis paralogous genes RPL23aA and RPL23aB encode functionally equivalent proteins

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